Crafting communities of practice and interest: connecting 'online' and 'offline' making practices

这项研究将对与手工艺相关的实践社区和感兴趣的社区内的线上/线下参与做法进行系统审查。这一审查既涉及学术文献，也涉及当代趋势，将讨论与手工艺有关的线上/线下社区内新的交流文化的发展，以及创造力在塑造这些文化中的作用。该项目还将审查手工艺运动中与线上/线下社区建设实践相关的新的文化、社会和经济做法。它将分析采用信息和通信技术工具如何塑造构成手工艺社区的联系、做法和进程。这些工具包括互联网、社交媒体、Web 2.0应用程序，以及在工艺品本身的生产中使用数字技术。这篇评论将线上/线下手工艺社区理解为动态过程，而不是静态实体。它将探索线上/线下、虚拟和真实主题之间的界限，展示制作如何在物质上调解这些复杂的、时间上动态的社区。这一理解提出了一些问题：与线上/线下手艺相关的实践社区和兴趣社区之间有什么区别和重叠？传统技能是如何被当代实践/兴趣社区所采用的？Craft对本地网络的重视与对全球连接的重视之间是否存在矛盾？“虚拟”社区和物质产品之间有什么关系？这些问题在线上和线下社区之间的联系中展开，涉及空间、时间和实质性如何与社区建设的过程和实践相关联。审查将采用多学科方法，以实现三个目标：1)文献审查，将线上和线下社区置于人文和社会科学文献范围内。这将审查在线技术是如何随着时间的推移被不同的手工艺社区使用的，它们与手工艺经济的关系，它们在传播知识方面的使用，以及它们在生产新的制造形式中的作用。2)举办研讨会，了解新兴手工艺社区和连接的实践。这项研究将积极与手工艺界的利益相关者和制作者接触。这将建立与手工艺者之间的对话，以便思考线上/线下工具在手工艺社区中的作用。它将揭示这些参与如何与创意经济相关，以及虚拟空间中的中介机构对这种参与的影响。3)将线上和线下制作实践的实质性联系起来的理论：审查将以这些发现为基础，探索在“虚拟”和“真实”社区之间制作物品时出现的实质性和时间性问题。审查本身是及时的：手工实践将人们聚集在一起分享知识，鼓励日常环境中的创造性实践，并为创意经济做出贡献。然而，关于群体和个人如何使用线上/线下实践来形成社区、身份以及制定和分享这些实践的关键参与缺失。纠正这种缺失对于回答有关当代社区建设的问题至关重要。此外，通过在线工具实现的创新做法正迅速被手工艺组织采用。然而，他们的经验和成功的吸收取得了好坏参半的结果。需要进一步了解在线互动的益处和局限性，以确保能够制定最佳做法。此外，一些新的政治运动的兴起，比如“手工艺主义”，利用网络工具将活动人士聚集在一起，用编织和刺绣来发表政治声明，这表明，从手工艺的例子中，还有更多关于社区可持续性、韧性和参与度的知识需要学习。

This research will undertake a systematic review of practices of online/offline participation within craft related communities of practice and communities of interest. Addressing both scholarly literature and contemporary trends, this review will address the development of new cultures of communication within online/offline communities linked to craft, and the role of creativity in shaping those cultures. This project will also review the new cultural, social and economic practices in the crafting movement, in relation to online/offline practices of community building. It will analyse how the adoption of ICT tools has shaped the connections, practices and processes that constitute craft communities. These tools include the Internet, social media, Web 2.0 applications, and using digital technologies in the production of craft objects themselves. This review understands online/offline craft communities as dynamic processes, rather than static entities. It will explore the limits to distinctions between online/offline, virtual and real subjects, to show how making materially mediates these complex temporally dynamic communities. This understanding raises a number of questions: what are the distinctions and overlaps between communities of practice and interest in relation to online/offline craft? How are traditional skills appropriated by contemporary communities of practice/interest? Is there a tension between craft's emphasis on local networks and global connectivity? What are the relationships between 'virtual' communities and material products? These questions unfold in the nexus between online and offline communities and are concerned with how space, time, and materiality relate to the processes and practices of community building. The review will adopt a multidisciplinary approach to achieve three objectives: 1) a literature review to situate online and offline communities within humanities and social sciences literature. This will review how online technologies have been engaged by different craft communities over time, their relationship with economies of craft, their use to disseminate knowledge, and their role in producing new forms of making. 2) A workshop to understand emergent craft communities and practices of connecting. The study will actively engage with stakeholders and makers within the craft community. This will establish a dialogue with and between craft makers in order to think through the role of online/offline tools in craft communities. It will uncover how these engagements relate to the creative economy, and the role of intermediaries in virtual spaces that influence that engagement. 3) Theorising to connect the materialities of online and offline practices of making: the review will build on these findings to explore questions of materiality and temporality that emerge from making objects in between 'virtual' and 'real' communities.The review itself is timely: craft practices bring together people to share knowledge, encourage creative practice in everyday settings, and contribute to the creative economy. However, a critical engagement with how groups and individuals use online/offline practices to form communities, identities, and to make and to share these practices is missing. Redressing this absence is critical to answering questions about contemporary community building. Furthermore, innovative practices enabled by online tools are rapidly being adopted by craft organizations. However, their experience and successful uptake has met with mixed success. Further understanding of the benefits and limits of online interactions is needed to ensure that best practice can be developed. Furthermore, the rise of new political movements, such as 'craftivism', which use online tools to gather together activists that use knitting and embroidery to make political statements, suggest there is more to be learned about community sustainability, resilience and engagement, from the example of craft.