Revision of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (letters R & S)

现代英语中大约70%的词汇可以追溯到一个共同的来源：盎格鲁-诺曼语，这是1066年诺曼征服不列颠群岛的结果，作为文学、法律、商业、教育和行政的语言，一直到中世纪晚期。无论你往哪里看——历史编年史、医学论文、法律记录——盎格鲁-诺曼人在中世纪英国生活中扮演的核心角色都是显而易见的。对这种语言词汇最全面的描述是《盎格鲁-诺曼词典》（AND）。AND的想法是在七十多年前构思出来的，并在1977- 1992年印刷的一系列卷中达到高潮（AND1）。这很快就被一个彻底的修订计划所取代，以产生一个广泛扩展的词典-自2006年以来在线免费提供（www.anglo-norman.net）。作为公认的盎格鲁-诺曼词汇权威，并获得了巴黎文字学学会颁发的“查夫萨梅奖”（2011年），在线AND不仅成为语言学家、词典编纂者、历史学家和文学学者等众多学术专家的必备工具，也成为不断涌入的非专业人士（如教师、学生、业余历史学家和家谱学家）不可或缺的工具。希望更多地了解他们遗产的这一重要方面。当前的项目将继续在两个关键方面对AND进行修订。首先，在成功完成对字母a - q条目的修订后，AND将在48个月的时间内以每年约750个条目的速度修改字母R和S。修订过程重新调查和改进了每一个现有的AND1条目的语义细节和文本覆盖，并为许多新定位的新词增加了新的条目。为了说明，在最近修订的N-条目中，实体条目的数量增加了一倍多（从339个增加到887个），感官数量也增加了一倍（从931个增加到2088个），说明性引用的数量增加了四倍（从1075个增加到4218个）。r&s的修订也将把他们的条目提高到更高的学术标准，使其区别于AND1的在线AND条目，并使其成为在多语言和社会学背景下研究盎格鲁-诺曼语的通用工具。这些措施包括系统地将所有条目与中世纪法语、拉丁语和英语词典中的条目进行交叉参考；在定义中增加了可搜索的“用法标签”，允许通过域或象形学领域对语言进行分析；并增加社论的评论，突出语言学，语义，或更复杂的条目的历史方面。第二，在线AND将发生向历史词典的重大转变。AND最初被设想为一个语义词典，旨在显示单词的含义，而不是它们随时间的发展。越来越多地，随着在线AND加入到同源词典的超链接，这些词典概述了词条的历时发展，用户已经假设，尽管有相反的警告，在线AND的组织也具有历史意义，并提供了最早的单词证明。为了加强AND在盎格鲁-诺曼语言研究中的中心地位，本项目将通过定位和突出最早的单词和意义的证明，在r&s的修订中引入历时维度。这种方法也将通过半自动化的过程应用于现有的在线a - q和u条目。这一创新将确保更好地理解盎格鲁-诺曼语的发展和使用，并将对我们对英语语言历史和中世纪英国多语言社会性质的认识有重要的好处。

Some 70% of the words used in modern English can be traced back to a common source: Anglo-Norman, the dialect of French introduced into the British Isles as a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066 which was to serve as a language of literature, law, commerce, education, and administration into the late Middle Ages. Wherever one looks - historical chronicles, medicinal treatises, legal records - the central role played by Anglo-Norman in the life of medieval Britain is evident.The most comprehensive account of the vocabulary of this language is the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND). The idea of the AND was conceived over seventy years ago, and culminated originally in a series of volumes printed between 1977-92 (AND1). This was soon overtaken by a thorough programme of revision to produce a widely expanded dictionary - freely available online since 2006 (www.anglo-norman.net). As the recognised authority on the Anglo-Norman lexis, crowned by the award of the Prix Honoré Chavée by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris (2011), the online AND has become an indispensable tool not only for a broad congregation of academic specialists such as linguists, lexicographers, historians, and literary scholars, but also for a constant influx of non-specialists, such as teachers, pupils, and amateur historians and genealogists, wishing to know more about this crucial aspect of their heritage.The current project will continue the revision of AND in two key ways.First, following the successful completion of the revision of the entries for letters A-Q, the AND will now revise letters R & S over a 48-month period, at a rate of approximately 750 entries per annum. The revision process re-investigates and improves every current AND1 entry for semantic detail and textual coverage, and adds new entries for the many new words which have been newly located. For the sake of illustration, in the recently revised N- entries, the number of substantive entries more than doubled (from 339 to 887), as did the number of senses (931 to 2088), with four times the number of illustrative citations (from 1075 to 4218).The revision of R & S will also raise their entries to the higher academic standards which distinguish the online AND's entries from those of AND1 and make it a versatile tool for studying Anglo-Norman in its multilingual and sociological context. These include the systematic cross-referencing of all entries to those in dictionaries of medieval French, Latin, and English; the addition of searchable 'usage labels' in definitions, which allow the analysis of the language through domains, or onomasiological fields; and the addition of editorial commentaries highlighting linguistic, semantic, or historical aspects of more complex entries.Second, the online AND will undergo a significant transformation into a historical dictionary. The AND was originally conceived as a semantic dictionary, intended to show the meanings of words but not their development over time. Increasingly, as the online AND has incorporated hyperlinks to cognate dictionaries which outline the diachronic development of their entries, users have assumed, despite warnings to the contrary, that the organisation of the online AND is also historic and provides the earliest attestations of words. In order to reinforce the central position of the AND in the study of the Anglo-Norman language, this project will introduce a diachronic dimension into the revision of R & S, by locating and highlighting earliest attestations of words and senses. This approach will also be applied retrospectively through a semi-automated process to the existing online entries for A-Q and U. This innovation will ensure a better understanding of the development and use of Anglo-Norman, and will have important benefits for our perception of the history of the English language and of the nature of medieval Britain's multilingual society.