Forging Memory: Falsified Documents and Institutional History in Europe, c. 970-1020

伪造记忆：伪造的文件和欧洲的制度历史，c。

• 批准号: AH/P01495X/1
• 负责人: Levi Roach
• 金额: $ 21.91万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP01495X%2F1
• 关键词: Forging; Memory; Falsified; Documents; Institutional

Over the last two decades historians have shown great interest in how group and institutional identities were constructed and contested within (and beyond) the Middle Ages. Particular attention has been given to the years around the turn of the first millennium, which is seen as a period of decisive change, when such identities became more clearly articulated in written form. This process found expression in new documentary forms, such as the cartulary (a collection of documents recording grants of land and legal rights to an institution), and a flowering of narrative history, often of an institutional nature. Though these developments have long been appreciated, one of their most important and enduring consequences has received little if any treatment: a rise in documentary forgery. This project seeks to redress the balance, placing forgery at the centre of our understanding of these years. The project examines how and why falsification became widespread across large swathes of Western Europe in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. It builds on earlier work on counterfeiting, arguing that this was one of the means by which churchmen began to order (and re-order) their institutional pasts in these years. By bridging the gap between studies of historical memory (which typically take narratives as their starting point) and forgery (which tend to focus on documentary evidence) the project breaks new ground, arguing that forged documents provide precious insights into changing attitudes towards the past, especially in these crucial years. It aims to dispel the rather Whiggish disdain sometimes expressed towards falsified documents, arguing that they are amongst the most interesting and important historical records of the Middle Ages. Far from reflecting childish naivety and blithe anachronism, the counterfeits of the era - which often closely mimic earlier visual and linguistic forms - bear witness to a highly developed sense of the past. Though much has been written on the subject of medieval forgery, previous work has focused on the 'paradox of forgery': how an 'Age of Faith' was also an 'Age of Fabrication'. As a consequence, individual groups of falsified documents are often still neglected, treated as isolated aberrations rather than part of a broader European culture of counterfeiting. Indeed, attempts at synthesis are particularly rare, and this will be the first major study to go beyond a single realm or region. The subject is approached through five carefully chosen case studies: Worms, Passau, Abingdon, Vercelli and Fleury. These have been selected in order to cover a range of regions (two from modern Germany - and then from its eastern and western borders; and one each from France, England and Italy) and institutions (three bishoprics and two monasteries). The intention is to examine each set of documents in insolation, then draw together the common strands, examining the complex interplay of local and general factors behind this activity. By pursuing the subject of forgery across medieval and modern borders, this project offers a unique opportunity to engage and collaborate with scholars across Europe and North America. Few historians can claim expertise across all the regions examined, and this will position me at the forefront of a field still all too often divided by national historiographical traditions. Project findings will be discussed in papers at a series of international conferences, including one organised at the host institution, and will reach their final form in a research monograph and edited volume. Elements of the research will be disseminated to a broader audience through a set of school workshops and events at the local Cathedral in Exeter (which boasts its own intriguing set of forgeries of the 1050s). By strengthening ties with these organisations, the project will also place me at the forefront of local and institutional public engagement and impact activities.

在过去的20年里，历史学家对中世纪（及以后）的群体和制度身份是如何构建和争夺的表现出极大的兴趣。特别注意到第一个千年之交前后的几年，这被视为一个决定性变化的时期，在这一时期，这些特征以书面形式得到了更明确的阐述。这一过程表现在新的文献形式上，如文书集（记录授予某机构土地和法律的权利的文件集），以及叙事历史的繁荣，通常具有机构性质。尽管这些发展长期以来一直受到赞赏，但其最重要和最持久的后果之一却几乎没有得到任何处理：伪造文件的增加。这个项目旨在纠正平衡，将伪造放在我们这些年来理解的中心。该项目研究了伪造如何以及为什么在10世纪末和11世纪初在西欧的大片地区广泛传播。它建立在早期关于伪造的工作基础上，认为这是这些年来教会人士开始整理（和重新整理）他们的制度过去的手段之一。通过弥合历史记忆研究（通常以叙述为起点）和伪造研究（往往侧重于文献证据）之间的差距，该项目开辟了新天地，认为伪造文件为改变对过去的态度提供了宝贵的见解，特别是在这些关键的年份。它的目的是消除辉格党有时对伪造文件表示的相当蔑视，认为它们是中世纪最有趣和最重要的历史记录之一。这个时代的赝品--它们往往密切模仿早期的视觉和语言形式--非但没有反映出孩子气的天真和轻率的时代错误，反而见证了一种高度发达的过去感。虽然关于中世纪伪造的主题已经写了很多，但以前的工作集中在“伪造的悖论”上：“信仰时代”如何也是“制造时代”。因此，伪造文件的个别群体往往仍然被忽视，被视为孤立的异常行为，而不是更广泛的欧洲伪造文化的一部分。事实上，综合的尝试是特别罕见的，这将是第一个超越单一领域或地区的重大研究。这个主题是通过五个精心挑选的案例研究：蠕虫，帕绍，阿宾登，韦尔切利和弗勒里。这些被选中，以涵盖一系列地区（两个来自现代德国-然后从其东部和西部边界;和一个分别来自法国，英国和意大利）和机构（三个主教和两个修道院）。其目的是检查每一套文件在日晒，然后把共同的股，检查复杂的相互作用的地方和一般因素背后的这一活动。通过追求跨越中世纪和现代边界的伪造主题，该项目提供了一个独特的机会，与欧洲和北美的学者进行接触和合作。很少有历史学家能够声称自己在所研究的所有地区都有专业知识，这将使我站在一个仍然经常被国家史学传统所分割的领域的最前沿。项目研究结果将在一系列国际会议（包括在主办机构举办的会议）上以论文形式进行讨论，并将最终形成研究专著和编辑卷。这项研究的内容将通过一系列学校研讨会和在埃克塞特当地大教堂举行的活动传播给更广泛的受众（该教堂拥有自己一套有趣的1050年代的教堂）。通过加强与这些组织的联系，该项目还将使我站在地方和机构公众参与和影响活动的最前沿。

项目成果

Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium

第一个千年末的伪造与记忆

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Roach Levi

The "Chancery" of Otto I Revisited

重访奥托一世的“大法官办公室”

• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters
• 作者: Levi Roach