Rethinking Heritage for Development: International Framework, Local Impacts

通过实施国际资助的发展项目来改善被剥夺公民权者的生活是一项全球性挑战。到目前为止，模式已经失败，贫穷、不平等和资源枯竭问题证明了这一点，特别是在非洲。遗产（被理解为包括物质和非物质元素）提供人类发展新模式的潜力得到广泛认可（例如，2010年至2015年期间通过的关于文化和遗产促进发展的五项联合国决议）。国际社会呼吁将其纳入2015年联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。然而，尽管在理论上得到了压倒性的支持，遗产在17个可持续发展目标中却被边缘化了。这种边缘化的一个原因是缺乏对作为实施发展目标的一部分而资助的关于遗产促进发展的国际项目的批判性分析。另一个原因是缺乏对国际政策历史的分析和关于遗产促进发展的叙述。对这一主题的研究往往集中在对经济发展的狭隘理解上。这个项目旨在超越这种狭隘的理解。这将是第一个综合性的历史、多尺度（国际、国家和地方层面）和跨学科项目，批判性地分析遗产是否以及如何在国际发展议程中为可持续发展的三大支柱（环境、社会和经济）做出贡献。更具体地说，该项目将分析国际组织（联合国、联合国教科文组织和世界银行）在过去三十年中制定的关于遗产促进发展的政策和叙述。然后，它将评估这些国际方法在实地的执行情况。根据官方评估，它将对通过千年发展目标在非洲（埃塞俄比亚、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、塞内加尔）资助的所有遗产促进发展项目的成功和失败进行批判性分析。这些评价从来没有被分析过，但是它们提供了关于国际发展议程资助的发展项目的唯一遗产的成功和失败的最完整的数据。入选这些项目还因为它们关注可持续发展目标的核心问题和可持续性的三大支柱：通过平等获得职业培训（可持续发展目标4，具体目标4.3）和平等获得体面就业的权利（可持续发展目标5，具体目标5.a），确保赋予妇女权力；为边缘群体创造经济机会（可持续发展目标8；具体目标8.9），并制止生物多样性丧失（可持续发展目标15；具体目标15.5）。将通过采访莫桑比克文化促进发展项目的参与者来进行进一步的分析。这项人种学研究将评估一些官方评估结果的准确性。莫桑比克之所以被选中，是因为这些项目的目标宏大、取得了成果，而且项目负责人对这个国家也很熟悉。这项研究将找出迄今为止遗产在促进国际发展目标方面的不足，并将提出如何改进这一贡献的创新模式。结果和建议将通过三次政策简报会和网站传播，并通过与政府间组织和所审议的四个非洲国家的选定国家部长举行讲习班来影响当前和未来的发展议程。PI拥有访问联合国教科文组织和世界银行档案的独特途径，已经使用类似的方法开展了关于全球挑战的研究，收集了关于国际组织和莫桑比克的数据，并且有起草关于遗产促进发展的国际政策的经验。各政府间组织表示有兴趣参加讲习班，这进一步表明需要进行这种研究。

Improving the lives of disenfranchised people by implementing internationally funded development projects is a global challenge. Models have thus far failed, testified by issues of poverty, inequality and resource depletion, notably in Africa. The potential of heritage (understood as including both tangible and intangible elements) to provide a new model of human development is widely acknowledged (e.g. the five UN Resolutions on culture and heritage for development adopted between 2010 and 2015). The international community called for its inclusion in the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite overwhelming support in theory, heritage has been marginalised in the 17 SDGs. One reason for such marginalisation is the lack of critical analyses of international projects on heritage for development funded as part of the implementation of the development goals. Another reason is the lack of analyses of the history of international policies and narratives on heritage for development. Research on this topic tends to focus on a narrow understanding of economic development. This project aims to move beyond this narrow understanding. It will be the first comprehensive historical, multi-scalar (international, national, and local levels) and interdisciplinary project, critically analysing whether and how heritage contributes to the three pillars of sustainable development (environmental, social and economic) within the international development agenda. More specifically, this project will analyse the policies and narratives elaborated by international organisations (UN, UNESCO and World Bank) on heritage for development over the past thirty years. It will then assess how these international approaches have been implemented on the ground. Based on official evaluations, it will provide critical analyses of the successes and failures of all of the projects on heritage for development funded in Africa (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal) through the Millennium Development Goals. These evaluations have never been analysed, yet they provide the most complete data on the successes and failures of the only heritage for development projects funded within the international development agenda. These projects were also selected because they focus on issues central to the SDGs and the three pillars of sustainability: to ensure the empowerment of women through equal access to vocational trainings (SDG4; target 4.3) and equal rights to decent employment (SDG 5; target 5.a); to develop economic opportunities for marginalised groups (SDG 8; target 8.9) as well as to halt biodiversity loss (SDG 15; target 15.5). Further analyses will be conducted by interviewing participants in the culture for development projects in Mozambique. This ethnographic study will assess the veracity of some of the results from official evaluations. Mozambique was selected because of the projects' ambitious goals, the results achieved and because of the PI's familiarity with this country. This research will identify shortcomings in how heritage has contributed to the international development goals so far and will propose innovative models on how to improve this contribution. The results and recommendations will be disseminated through three policy briefings, the website, and used to influence current and future development agendas through workshops with intergovernmental organisations and selected national ministers of the four African countries considered. The PI has unique access to archives at UNESCO and the World Bank, has already conducted research on the global challenges using similar methodologies, has collected data on international organisations and in Mozambique and has experience of drafting international policies on heritage for development. The interest shown by diverse intergovernmental organisations to take part in the workshop further demonstrates the need for such research.