Rabbinic Civil Law in the Context of Ancient Legal History: A Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi

古代法律史背景下的拉比民法：《耶路撒冷塔木德》巴沃特文集法律纲要

• 批准号: AH/X001660/1
• 负责人: Catherine Hezser
• 金额: $ 34.78万
• 依托单位: School of Oriental and African Studies
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX001660%2F1
• 关键词: Rabbinic; Civil; Law; Context; Ancient

Rabbis functioned as informal and unofficial legal adjudicators alongside Roman jurists in Roman Palestine after 70 CE. Their jurisprudence included areas of civil law that Roman jurists also dealt with, such as family law, property law, including inheritance and testaments, trade law, including market supervision and import and export business, and employment law. Rabbinic regulations and legal precedents on civil law matters are collected in the Bavot tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi. These tractates belong to the order of Neziqin (= Damages), edited in the fourth century CE. While rabbis hoped that their fellow-Jews would approach them for legal advice, Jews could also bring their cases before Roman adjudicators, courts, and governors. There is some reason to believe that litigants chose those adjudicators whose rulings would be most advantageous to their cases. Because of the local competition between rabbinic, Roman, and possibly also Hellenistic law, rabbis are likely to have acquired some familiarity with non-Jewish jurisdiction, even if they did not attend Roman law schools and study legal texts in Latin and Greek. As our own and other scholars previous studies have shown, rabbinic discourse on civil law issues can be understood properly only when viewed in connection with and on the background of Roman, and (less often) Hellenistic law. A comparative study of late antique rabbinic law within the context of Hellenistic and Roman law can reveal similarities in the form of shared values and concerns, similar solutions to legal problems, and attention to the same details but also significant and interesting differences. Both similarities and differences need to be examined on the basis of a close reading and analysis of the original Hebrew-Aramaic, Greek, and Latin texts and in the context of the political, socio-economic, and religious-cultural conditions the respective adjudicators and editors of the legal compilations experienced. To date, no comprehensive legal study of the Talmud Yeruhalmi in the context of ancient legal history has been carried out. With this project we shall begin to fill this lacuna by focusing on the Bavot tractates of the Talmud. Focusing on each of the three Bavot for one year, we shall identify key units of rabbinic discourse on issues that are shared with Roman civil law as evidenced in Justinian's Digest and/or earlier Roman legal collections and Hellenistic papyri. The texts will be examined text-critically, translated, and presented in parallel columns before being analysed individually and compared with each other with regard to their literary forms, meanings, editorial changes, and historical contexts.The goal is to create a Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi that can serve as the basis for future comparative legal studies and lead towards the integration of rabbinic civil law into the context of ancient legal history. Our interdisciplinary approach, which integrates philological, social-historical, and legal historical methodologies, is meant to serve as a model for a future multi-volume Legal Commentary to the Talmud Yerushalmi, a project which would expand interdisciplinary collaboration beyond Germany and the UK to also include scholars from the U.S., Israel, and other European countries.

公元70年后，拉比与罗马法学家一起在罗马巴勒斯坦担任非正式和非官方的法律的裁决者。他们的判例包括罗马法学家也处理的民法领域，如家庭法，财产法，包括继承和遗嘱，贸易法，包括市场监督和进出口业务，以及就业法。拉比条例和法律的先例对民法事项收集在Bavot tractates的塔木德耶路莎米。这些tractates属于该命令的Neziqin（=损害），编辑在第四个世纪行政长官。拉比们希望他们的犹太同胞能向他们寻求法律的建议，而犹太人也可以把他们的案件提交给罗马的裁决者、法院和总督。我们有理由相信，诉讼当事人选择那些裁决对他们的案件最有利的审裁员。由于拉比法、罗马法和可能还有希腊法之间的地方竞争，拉比很可能已经对非犹太人的管辖权有所了解，即使他们没有上过罗马法学校，也没有学习过拉丁语和希腊语的法律的文本。正如我们自己和其他学者先前的研究所表明的那样，拉比关于民法问题的论述只有在与罗马法和（较少）希腊法联系起来并以其为背景时才能得到正确的理解。在希腊化和罗马法的背景下对古代晚期拉比法进行比较研究，可以发现在共同的价值观和关注点、对法律的问题的类似解决方案、对相同细节的关注等方面的相似之处，但也有重要而有趣的差异。相似性和差异性都需要在仔细阅读和分析希伯来-阿拉姆语、希腊语和拉丁语原文的基础上，并在政治、社会经济和宗教文化条件的背景下，审查各自的裁判员和法律的编辑经历。迄今为止，没有全面的法律的研究犹太法典Yeruhalmi在古代法律的历史的背景下已经进行。通过这个项目，我们将开始通过关注《塔木德》的巴沃特Tractates来填补这个空白。集中在三个Bavot的每一年，我们将确定拉比话语的关键单位，与罗马民法共享的问题，证明在查士丁尼的文摘和/或更早的罗马法律的集合和希腊化纸莎草纸。这些文本将被文本批判地审查，翻译，并在平行列中提出，然后单独分析，并就其文学形式，含义，编辑变化，目标是创建一个法律的纲要，以犹太法典耶路莎米的Bavot Tractates，可以作为未来比较法律的研究的基础，并导致拉比民法的整合古代法律的历史背景下。我们的跨学科的方法，它集成了语言学，社会历史和法律的历史方法，是为了作为未来的多卷法律的评论犹太法典耶路莎米，这将扩大跨学科的合作超越德国和英国的项目，也包括来自美国的学者，以色列和其他欧洲国家。