Rabbinic Civil Law in the Context of Ancient Legal History: A Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi

公元70年后，拉比与罗马法学家一起在罗马巴勒斯坦担任非正式的法律裁判。他们的法理学包括罗马法学家也处理的民法领域，如家庭法，财产法，包括继承和遗嘱，贸易法，包括市场监管和进出口业务，以及就业法。拉比的条例和民事法律事务的法律先例收集在耶路撒冷塔木德的巴沃特稿中。这些手稿属于公元四世纪编著的《内子琴》目。当拉比们希望他们的犹太同胞向他们寻求法律建议时，犹太人也可以将他们的案件提交给罗马的审判员、法院和总督。我们有理由相信，诉讼当事人会选择那些裁决对他们的案件最有利的法官。由于拉比法、罗马法和可能还有希腊法在当地的竞争，拉比们很可能对非犹太人的司法管辖区有所熟悉，即使他们没有上过罗马法学院，也没有学习拉丁语和希腊语的法律文本。正如我们自己和其他学者先前的研究所表明的那样，拉比关于民法问题的论述只有在与罗马法和（较少）希腊法的联系和背景下才能被正确理解。在希腊法和罗马法的背景下对古代晚期的拉比法进行比较研究，可以揭示出它们在共同的价值观和关注点、对法律问题的类似解决方案、对相同细节的关注等方面的相似之处，但也存在重大而有趣的差异。在仔细阅读和分析原始希伯来-阿拉姆语、希腊语和拉丁语文本的基础上，在法律汇编的各自裁判和编辑所经历的政治、社会经济和宗教文化条件的背景下，需要检查异同。迄今为止，还没有在古代法律史的背景下对《犹太法典》进行全面的法律研究。在这个项目中，我们将开始通过关注《塔木德》的巴伐特章节来填补这一空白。我们将用一年的时间分别关注三个巴伐特，找出拉比话语中与罗马民法共有的问题的关键单元，这些问题在查士丁尼的《摘要》和/或更早的罗马法律文集和希腊纸莎草纸上得到了证明。文本将被检查文本批判，翻译，并在被单独分析和相对于他们的文学形式，意义，编辑的变化和历史背景彼此比较之前，平行列呈现。目标是为《耶路撒冷塔木德》的巴沃特抄本编写一份法律纲要，可以作为今后比较法律研究的基础，并导致将拉比民法纳入古代法律史的范围。我们的跨学科方法，整合了语言学、社会历史和法律历史方法，旨在为未来多卷本的《耶路撒冷塔木德》法律评论提供一个模型，这个项目将扩大跨学科合作，超越德国和英国，还包括来自美国、以色列和其他欧洲国家的学者。

Rabbis functioned as informal and unofficial legal adjudicators alongside Roman jurists in Roman Palestine after 70 CE. Their jurisprudence included areas of civil law that Roman jurists also dealt with, such as family law, property law, including inheritance and testaments, trade law, including market supervision and import and export business, and employment law. Rabbinic regulations and legal precedents on civil law matters are collected in the Bavot tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi. These tractates belong to the order of Neziqin (= Damages), edited in the fourth century CE. While rabbis hoped that their fellow-Jews would approach them for legal advice, Jews could also bring their cases before Roman adjudicators, courts, and governors. There is some reason to believe that litigants chose those adjudicators whose rulings would be most advantageous to their cases. Because of the local competition between rabbinic, Roman, and possibly also Hellenistic law, rabbis are likely to have acquired some familiarity with non-Jewish jurisdiction, even if they did not attend Roman law schools and study legal texts in Latin and Greek. As our own and other scholars previous studies have shown, rabbinic discourse on civil law issues can be understood properly only when viewed in connection with and on the background of Roman, and (less often) Hellenistic law. A comparative study of late antique rabbinic law within the context of Hellenistic and Roman law can reveal similarities in the form of shared values and concerns, similar solutions to legal problems, and attention to the same details but also significant and interesting differences. Both similarities and differences need to be examined on the basis of a close reading and analysis of the original Hebrew-Aramaic, Greek, and Latin texts and in the context of the political, socio-economic, and religious-cultural conditions the respective adjudicators and editors of the legal compilations experienced. To date, no comprehensive legal study of the Talmud Yeruhalmi in the context of ancient legal history has been carried out. With this project we shall begin to fill this lacuna by focusing on the Bavot tractates of the Talmud. Focusing on each of the three Bavot for one year, we shall identify key units of rabbinic discourse on issues that are shared with Roman civil law as evidenced in Justinian's Digest and/or earlier Roman legal collections and Hellenistic papyri. The texts will be examined text-critically, translated, and presented in parallel columns before being analysed individually and compared with each other with regard to their literary forms, meanings, editorial changes, and historical contexts.The goal is to create a Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi that can serve as the basis for future comparative legal studies and lead towards the integration of rabbinic civil law into the context of ancient legal history. Our interdisciplinary approach, which integrates philological, social-historical, and legal historical methodologies, is meant to serve as a model for a future multi-volume Legal Commentary to the Talmud Yerushalmi, a project which would expand interdisciplinary collaboration beyond Germany and the UK to also include scholars from the U.S., Israel, and other European countries.