Rabbinic Civil Law in the Context of Ancient Legal History: A Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi

古代法律史背景下的拉比民法：《耶路撒冷塔木德》巴沃特文集法律纲要

• 批准号: AH/X001660/1
• 负责人: Catherine Hezser
• 金额: $ 34.78万
• 依托单位: School of Oriental and African Studies
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX001660%2F1
• 关键词: Rabbinic; Civil; Law; Context; Ancient

Rabbis functioned as informal and unofficial legal adjudicators alongside Roman jurists in Roman Palestine after 70 CE. Their jurisprudence included areas of civil law that Roman jurists also dealt with, such as family law, property law, including inheritance and testaments, trade law, including market supervision and import and export business, and employment law. Rabbinic regulations and legal precedents on civil law matters are collected in the Bavot tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi. These tractates belong to the order of Neziqin (= Damages), edited in the fourth century CE. While rabbis hoped that their fellow-Jews would approach them for legal advice, Jews could also bring their cases before Roman adjudicators, courts, and governors. There is some reason to believe that litigants chose those adjudicators whose rulings would be most advantageous to their cases. Because of the local competition between rabbinic, Roman, and possibly also Hellenistic law, rabbis are likely to have acquired some familiarity with non-Jewish jurisdiction, even if they did not attend Roman law schools and study legal texts in Latin and Greek. As our own and other scholars previous studies have shown, rabbinic discourse on civil law issues can be understood properly only when viewed in connection with and on the background of Roman, and (less often) Hellenistic law. A comparative study of late antique rabbinic law within the context of Hellenistic and Roman law can reveal similarities in the form of shared values and concerns, similar solutions to legal problems, and attention to the same details but also significant and interesting differences. Both similarities and differences need to be examined on the basis of a close reading and analysis of the original Hebrew-Aramaic, Greek, and Latin texts and in the context of the political, socio-economic, and religious-cultural conditions the respective adjudicators and editors of the legal compilations experienced. To date, no comprehensive legal study of the Talmud Yeruhalmi in the context of ancient legal history has been carried out. With this project we shall begin to fill this lacuna by focusing on the Bavot tractates of the Talmud. Focusing on each of the three Bavot for one year, we shall identify key units of rabbinic discourse on issues that are shared with Roman civil law as evidenced in Justinian's Digest and/or earlier Roman legal collections and Hellenistic papyri. The texts will be examined text-critically, translated, and presented in parallel columns before being analysed individually and compared with each other with regard to their literary forms, meanings, editorial changes, and historical contexts.The goal is to create a Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi that can serve as the basis for future comparative legal studies and lead towards the integration of rabbinic civil law into the context of ancient legal history. Our interdisciplinary approach, which integrates philological, social-historical, and legal historical methodologies, is meant to serve as a model for a future multi-volume Legal Commentary to the Talmud Yerushalmi, a project which would expand interdisciplinary collaboration beyond Germany and the UK to also include scholars from the U.S., Israel, and other European countries.

公元70年后，拉比与罗马巴勒斯坦的罗马法学家一起担任非正式和非正式的法律审判员。他们的法学包括罗马法学家还处理的民法领域，例如家庭法，财产法，包括遗产和遗嘱，贸易法，包括市场监督以及进口和出口业务以及就业法。在塔木德·耶鲁萨尔米（Talmud Yerushalmi）的bavot拖拉组织中收集了犹太人的法规和法律先例。这些拖拉物属于Neziqin（=损害）的秩序，在公元四世纪编辑。拉比（Rabbis）希望他们的犹太同胞向他们寻求法律建议，但犹太人也可以将案件带到罗马审判员，法院和州长面前。有一些理由相信，诉讼人选择那些对案件最有利的裁决者。由于拉比，罗马人以及可能的希腊化法律之间的当地竞争，拉比可能会熟悉非犹太人管辖权，即使他们不上罗马法学院并在拉丁语和希腊语中学习法律文本。正如我们本人和其他学者先前的研究所表明的那样，关于民法问题的犹太教话语只有在与罗马人的背景和（不太频繁的）希腊化法律有关时才能正确理解。在希腊化和罗马法律的背景下对晚期古董拉比法律的比较研究可以揭示出以共同价值和关注的形式，相似的法律问题解决方案以及对相同细节的关注，但也有重大且有趣的差异。相似性和差异都需要根据对原始希伯来语，希腊语和拉丁文文本的仔细阅读和分析以及在政治，社会经济和宗教文化条件的背景下进行仔细阅读和分析。迄今为止，在古代法律史上，还没有对塔木德·耶鲁哈尔米进行全面的法律研究。通过这个项目，我们将开始通过关注Talmud的bavot拖拉物来填补这一空白。我们将重点关注三个Bavot一年，我们将在与罗马民法上共享的问题上确定犹太教话语的关键单位，这在贾斯汀尼安的文摘和/或更早的罗马法律收藏和希腊化纸莎草纸上证明了这一点。文本将进行文本批判性，翻译和以平行的列表进行研究，然后在其文学形式，含义，含义，社论变化和历史背景下进行单独分析，并彼此进行分析。该目标是为Talmud Yerushalmi的Bavot律师建立法律范围，以使Yerushalmi的Bavot Stractate成为与文明的基础进行比较的范围。我们的跨学科方法整合了语言学，社会历史和法律历史方法论，旨在作为向Talmud Yerushalmi的未来多批量法律评论的模型，该项目将扩大德国和英国以外的跨学科合作，还包括来自美国，以色列和其他欧洲国家的学者。