(MIS)TRANSLATING DECEIT: DISINFORMATION AS A TRANSLINGUAL, DISCURSIVE DYNAMIC

（错误）翻译欺骗：作为跨语言、话语动态的虚假信息

• 批准号: AH/X010007/1
• 负责人: Stephen Hutchings
• 金额: $ 107.01万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX010007%2F1
• 关键词: MIS; TRANSLATING; DECEIT; DISINFORMATION; TRANSLINGUAL

The Ukraine war, Covid-19 and the Trump presidency highlight the threat disinformation poses to democracy. Yet the implicit persistence of Cold War binaries - pitting democratic 'truth-telling' against totalitarian 'deceit', even in relation to homegrown disinformation - has seriously hampered attempts to counter this problem in the multipolar, Big Data age. The result is a glut of poorly differentiated terms: disinformation, misinformation, fake news, post-truth, and astroturfing, to name just a few. This dichotomous viewpoint heeds neither the contested meaning of disinformation, nor how the narratives it designates change across time, languages and cultures. These limitations explain the emergence of a 'Big Disinfo' industry: the burgeoning of monitoring initiatives whose success depends on maintaining the sense of an undifferentiated morass of toxicity rather than trying to draw out fine distinctions of language, meaning, culture or context. In conflating disinformation with related concepts like propaganda, conspiracy theories, and trolling, such reductionism obscures the operational modes of disinformation actors, furnishing them with counter-narratives that use the very lexicon deployed against them. By reconstructing disinformation's multiple border crossings - temporal, linguistic, cultural - (Mis)translating Deceit (MD) will radically re-orient existing approaches to disinformation. It will interrogate common misconceptions about disinformation, treating it as a translingual, historically mutating phenomenon forged within the socio-politically contingent realm of discourse. Big Disinfo's abiding focus on Kremlin malfeasance, bolstered by the Ukraine war, motivates our emphasis on multilingual narratives linked to Russia and the USSR. But by pinpointing the Russian node in a vast translingual network, we will create a model for identifying and combatting disinformation practices of diverse provenance. With impact at its core, MD proposes a potent interdisciplinary intervention, showcasing how humanities scholars can address major global challenges. Forging a novel, cross-sectoral collaborative model involving leading academics, the UK's top think tank, Chatham House, a European disinformation monitor (EUDisinfoLab) and OFCOM, it draws on expertise in history, translation studies, audience research, media studies and security policy. Its linguistic scope combines languages paramount to the history and theory of disinformation - Russian, English, and German - with supplementary data in Arabic, Serbian, French and Spanish (all spoken in areas of significance to Russia). It is structured around case studies focused on 5 multilingual narratives recently identified by disinformation trackers and 2 historical antecedents from the Cold War period. They are underpinned by a variant of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) inflected with Bakhtinian dialogism, translation studies and digital methods designed to reveal how narratives travel online and play out in fragmented social media format. The CDA dovetails with audience ethnography, and a unique Chatham House simulation methodology designed to test policy responses to disinformation in local contexts. We will answer questions about disinformation's mutation across borders of time and language, and the roles played by translation and counter-disinformation (e.g., fact checking) in shaping its meanings. The involvement of counter-disinformation practitioners guarantees the reflexive dimension key to a transformative Critical Disinformation Studies toolset we will create to capture the full disinformation production-consumption-response cycle. Outputs include a book, seminar series and journal articles pitched to media and reception studies, language-based area studies, history, translation studies and medical humanities. Our Chatham House-led impact programme will generate reports for stakeholders, including the FCO and DCMS, and a user-oriented version of our toolset.

乌克兰战争，19岁和特朗普总统职位强调了威胁贬值对民主构成构想。然而，冷战二进制文件的隐含持久性 - 即使与本土虚假信息有关，将民主的“真相”与极权主义的“欺骗”相提并论 - 严重阻碍了在多极数据时代中应对这个问题的尝试。结果是差异很差的术语：虚假信息，错误信息，虚假新闻，后真相和Astroturfing仅举几例。这个二分法观点既不注意虚假信息的有争议的含义，也不会注意到它指定的叙事如何跨越时间，语言和文化变化。这些局限性解释了“大型毒品”行业的出现：对监测计划的迅速发展取决于维持毒性含糊不清的意义，而不是试图提出对语言，意义，文化或背景的细微区分。在将虚假信息与宣传，阴谋理论和拖钓等相关概念混为一谈时，这种简化主义掩盖了虚假信息参与者的操作模式，为他们提供了反叙事，这些反叙事使用了对他们部署的非常有词典的作用。通过重建虚假信息的多个边界 - 时间，语言，文化 - （MIS）翻译欺骗（MD）将从根本上重新定向现有的虚假信息。它将审问关于虚假信息的共同误解，将其视为一种跨语言，历史上突变的现象，在社会政策上的话语领域中伪造了。在乌克兰战争的支持下，Big Disinfo对克里姆林宫渎职行为的持久关注激发了我们对与俄罗斯和苏联有关的多语言叙事的重视。但是，通过在庞大的跨语言网络中查明俄罗斯节点，我们将创建一个模型，用于识别和打击各种出处的虚假信息实践。 MD提出了有效的跨学科干预措施的核心，展示了人文学者如何应对全球主要挑战。它构建了一个涉及领先学者，英国顶级智囊团，查塔姆之家，欧洲虚假信息监视器（Eudisinfolab）和OFCOM的新颖，跨部门的合作模型，它借鉴了历史，翻译研究，受众研究，媒体研究，媒体研究和安全政策的专业知识。它的语言范围结合了对虚假信息的历史和理论至关重要的语言 - 俄罗斯，英语和德语 - 与阿拉伯语，塞尔维亚语，法语和西班牙语中的补充数据（所有这些都以对俄罗斯意义上的重要领域）。它围绕着案例研究构建，这些案例研究的重点是最近通过《虚假信息跟踪器》和《冷战时期》中的2个历史先例确定的多种多语言叙述。它们的基础是批判性话语分析（CDA）的基础，这些变体旨在揭示叙事方式如何在线旅行和以零碎的社交媒体格式进行播放，并以巴赫蒂尼对话性，翻译研究和数字方法的影响。 CDA与受众人种志相吻合，以及独特的Chatham House Simulation方法论，旨在测试当地情况下对虚假信息的政策响应。我们将回答有关时间和语言边界中的虚假信息突变的问题，以及通过翻译和反分化（例如，事实检查）在塑造其含义中所扮演的角色。反分散从业者的参与确保了转化性关键虚假信息研究工具集的反身维度键，我们将创建以捕获完整的虚假构成生产 - 消耗式响应周期。输出包括一本书，研讨会系列和期刊文章，这些文章介绍了媒体和接收研究，基于语言的领域研究，历史，翻译研究和医学人文科学。我们以查塔姆为主导的影响计划将为包括FCO和DCM在内的利益相关者以及我们的工具集的用户版本生成报告。