(MIS)TRANSLATING DECEIT: DISINFORMATION AS A TRANSLINGUAL, DISCURSIVE DYNAMIC

（错误）翻译欺骗：作为跨语言、话语动态的虚假信息

• 批准号: AH/X010007/1
• 负责人: Stephen Hutchings
• 金额: $ 107.01万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX010007%2F1
• 关键词: MIS; TRANSLATING; DECEIT; DISINFORMATION; TRANSLINGUAL

The Ukraine war, Covid-19 and the Trump presidency highlight the threat disinformation poses to democracy. Yet the implicit persistence of Cold War binaries - pitting democratic 'truth-telling' against totalitarian 'deceit', even in relation to homegrown disinformation - has seriously hampered attempts to counter this problem in the multipolar, Big Data age. The result is a glut of poorly differentiated terms: disinformation, misinformation, fake news, post-truth, and astroturfing, to name just a few. This dichotomous viewpoint heeds neither the contested meaning of disinformation, nor how the narratives it designates change across time, languages and cultures. These limitations explain the emergence of a 'Big Disinfo' industry: the burgeoning of monitoring initiatives whose success depends on maintaining the sense of an undifferentiated morass of toxicity rather than trying to draw out fine distinctions of language, meaning, culture or context. In conflating disinformation with related concepts like propaganda, conspiracy theories, and trolling, such reductionism obscures the operational modes of disinformation actors, furnishing them with counter-narratives that use the very lexicon deployed against them. By reconstructing disinformation's multiple border crossings - temporal, linguistic, cultural - (Mis)translating Deceit (MD) will radically re-orient existing approaches to disinformation. It will interrogate common misconceptions about disinformation, treating it as a translingual, historically mutating phenomenon forged within the socio-politically contingent realm of discourse. Big Disinfo's abiding focus on Kremlin malfeasance, bolstered by the Ukraine war, motivates our emphasis on multilingual narratives linked to Russia and the USSR. But by pinpointing the Russian node in a vast translingual network, we will create a model for identifying and combatting disinformation practices of diverse provenance. With impact at its core, MD proposes a potent interdisciplinary intervention, showcasing how humanities scholars can address major global challenges. Forging a novel, cross-sectoral collaborative model involving leading academics, the UK's top think tank, Chatham House, a European disinformation monitor (EUDisinfoLab) and OFCOM, it draws on expertise in history, translation studies, audience research, media studies and security policy. Its linguistic scope combines languages paramount to the history and theory of disinformation - Russian, English, and German - with supplementary data in Arabic, Serbian, French and Spanish (all spoken in areas of significance to Russia). It is structured around case studies focused on 5 multilingual narratives recently identified by disinformation trackers and 2 historical antecedents from the Cold War period. They are underpinned by a variant of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) inflected with Bakhtinian dialogism, translation studies and digital methods designed to reveal how narratives travel online and play out in fragmented social media format. The CDA dovetails with audience ethnography, and a unique Chatham House simulation methodology designed to test policy responses to disinformation in local contexts. We will answer questions about disinformation's mutation across borders of time and language, and the roles played by translation and counter-disinformation (e.g., fact checking) in shaping its meanings. The involvement of counter-disinformation practitioners guarantees the reflexive dimension key to a transformative Critical Disinformation Studies toolset we will create to capture the full disinformation production-consumption-response cycle. Outputs include a book, seminar series and journal articles pitched to media and reception studies, language-based area studies, history, translation studies and medical humanities. Our Chatham House-led impact programme will generate reports for stakeholders, including the FCO and DCMS, and a user-oriented version of our toolset.

乌克兰战争、Covid-19 和特朗普总统任期凸显了虚假信息对民主构成的威胁。然而，冷战二元论的隐含持续存在——将民主的“讲真话”与极权主义的“欺骗”对立起来，甚至与本土的虚假信息相关——严重阻碍了在多极、大数据时代解决这一问题的尝试。其结果是出现了大量缺乏区分的术语：虚假信息、错误信息、假新闻、后真相和人造草皮，仅举几例。这种二分法的观点既没有注意到虚假信息的有争议的含义，也没有注意到它所指定的叙述如何随着时间、语言和文化的变化而变化。这些限制解释了“大虚假信息”行业的出现：监控举措的兴起，其成功取决于维持一种无差别的有毒泥沼感，而不是试图找出语言、意义、文化或背景的细微差别。通过将虚假信息与宣传、阴谋论和恶搞等相关概念混为一谈，这种还原论掩盖了虚假信息行为者的运作模式，为他们提供了使用针对他们的词汇的反叙事。通过重建虚假信息的多重边界——时间、语言、文化——（错误）翻译欺骗（MD）将从根本上重新调整现有的虚假信息方法。它将质疑关于虚假信息的常见误解，将其视为在社会政治偶然话语领域中形成的跨语言的、历史变异的现象。 Big Disinfo 对克里姆林宫渎职行为的持续关注，以及乌克兰战争的推动，促使我们重点关注与俄罗斯和苏联有关的多语言叙述。但通过在庞大的跨语言网络中精确定位俄罗斯节点，我们将创建一个模型来识别和打击来自不同来源的虚假信息行为。以影响力为核心，医学博士提出了有效的跨学科干预措施，展示了人文学者如何应对重大的全球挑战。该组织利用了历史、翻译研究、受众研究、媒体研究和安全政策方面的专业知识，打造了一种新颖的跨部门合作模式，涉及顶尖学者、英国顶级智库查塔姆研究所、欧洲虚假信息监测机构 (EUDisinfoLab) 和 OFCOM。其语言范围结合了对虚假信息的历史和理论至关重要的语言（俄语、英语和德语）以及阿拉伯语、塞尔维亚语、法语和西班牙语（所有语言均在对俄罗斯重要的地区使用）的补充数据。它围绕案例研究构建，重点关注虚假信息追踪者最近发现的 5 个多语言叙述和冷战时期的 2 个历史背景。它们以批判性话语分析（CDA）的变体为基础，该变体受到巴赫蒂尼对话、翻译研究和数字方法的影响，旨在揭示叙事如何在网上传播并以碎片化的社交媒体格式发挥作用。 CDA 与受众民族志以及独特的查塔姆研究所模拟方法相吻合，旨在测试当地环境下对虚假信息的政策反应。我们将回答有关虚假信息跨越时间和语言边界的变异的问题，以及翻译和反虚假信息（例如事实核查）在塑造其含义方面所发挥的作用的问题。反虚假信息从业者的参与保证了反思维度是我们将创建的变革性批判性虚假信息研究工具集的关键，以捕获完整的虚假信息生产-消费-响应周期。产出包括一本书、系列研讨会和期刊文章，涉及媒体和接受研究、基于语言的领域研究、历史、翻译研究和医学人文学科。我们由查塔姆研究所主导的影响计划将为利益相关者（包括 FCO 和 DCMS）生成报告，以及我们工具集的面向用户的版本。