(MIS)TRANSLATING DECEIT: DISINFORMATION AS A TRANSLINGUAL, DISCURSIVE DYNAMIC

乌克兰战争、新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19，即2019冠状病毒病）和特朗普当选总统凸显了虚假信息对民主构成的威胁。然而，冷战二进制的隐含持续性-民主的“说真话”与极权主义的“欺骗”，即使是与本土的虚假信息有关-严重阻碍了在多极大数据时代解决这个问题的努力。其结果是出现了大量区分不清的术语：虚假信息、错误信息、假新闻、后真相和占星术，仅举几例。这种二分法的观点既没有注意到虚假信息的争议意义，也没有注意到它所指定的叙述如何随着时间、语言和文化而变化。这些局限性解释了“大Disinfo”行业的出现：监测举措的蓬勃发展，其成功取决于保持对无差别的毒性沼泽的感觉，而不是试图找出语言，意义，文化或背景的细微差别。通过将虚假信息与宣传、阴谋论和拖钓等相关概念混为一谈，这种还原论掩盖了虚假信息行为者的操作模式，为他们提供了使用针对他们的词汇的反叙事。通过重建虚假信息的多重边界-时间，语言，文化-（Mis）翻译欺骗（MD）将从根本上重新定位现有的方法来虚假信息。它将询问关于虚假信息的常见误解，将其视为一种跨语言的，历史上变异的现象，在社会政治话语的偶然领域中形成。大Disinfo的持久关注克里姆林宫渎职，由乌克兰战争支持，激发我们对与俄罗斯和苏联有关的多语言叙事的重视。但是，通过在一个庞大的双语网络中精确定位俄罗斯节点，我们将创建一个识别和打击各种来源的虚假信息做法的模型。以影响为核心，MD提出了一个强有力的跨学科干预，展示了人文学者如何应对重大的全球挑战。该项目利用历史、翻译研究、受众研究、媒体研究和安全政策方面的专业知识，打造了一种新颖的跨部门合作模式，其中包括领先的学者、英国顶级智库、查塔姆研究所、欧洲虚假信息监测机构（EUDisinfoLab）和OFCOM。它的语言范围结合了对历史和虚假信息理论至关重要的语言-俄语，英语和德语-以及阿拉伯语，塞尔维亚语，法语和西班牙语的补充数据（所有这些语言都在对俄罗斯重要的地区使用）。它是围绕案例研究的结构，重点是最近由虚假信息跟踪器确定的5种多语言叙述和冷战时期的2个历史先例。它们以批评性话语分析（CDA）的变体为基础，该变体与巴赫金对话主义，翻译研究和数字方法相结合，旨在揭示叙事如何在网上传播并以碎片化的社交媒体格式播放。CDA以受众民族志和独特的查塔姆豪斯模拟方法为基础，旨在测试当地环境下对虚假信息的政策反应。我们将回答有关虚假信息跨越时间和语言边界的突变问题，以及翻译和反虚假信息所扮演的角色（例如，事实核查）在塑造其意义。反虚假信息从业者的参与保证了我们将创建一个变革性的批判性虚假信息研究工具集的自反维度关键，以捕捉完整的虚假信息生产-消费-反应周期。产出包括一本书，研讨会系列和期刊文章，致力于媒体和接收研究，基于语言的区域研究，历史，翻译研究和医学人文。我们的查塔姆众议院领导的影响计划将为利益相关者，包括外交和联邦事务部和外交和联邦事务部生成报告，并为我们的工具集提供面向用户的版本。

The Ukraine war, Covid-19 and the Trump presidency highlight the threat disinformation poses to democracy. Yet the implicit persistence of Cold War binaries - pitting democratic 'truth-telling' against totalitarian 'deceit', even in relation to homegrown disinformation - has seriously hampered attempts to counter this problem in the multipolar, Big Data age. The result is a glut of poorly differentiated terms: disinformation, misinformation, fake news, post-truth, and astroturfing, to name just a few. This dichotomous viewpoint heeds neither the contested meaning of disinformation, nor how the narratives it designates change across time, languages and cultures. These limitations explain the emergence of a 'Big Disinfo' industry: the burgeoning of monitoring initiatives whose success depends on maintaining the sense of an undifferentiated morass of toxicity rather than trying to draw out fine distinctions of language, meaning, culture or context. In conflating disinformation with related concepts like propaganda, conspiracy theories, and trolling, such reductionism obscures the operational modes of disinformation actors, furnishing them with counter-narratives that use the very lexicon deployed against them. By reconstructing disinformation's multiple border crossings - temporal, linguistic, cultural - (Mis)translating Deceit (MD) will radically re-orient existing approaches to disinformation. It will interrogate common misconceptions about disinformation, treating it as a translingual, historically mutating phenomenon forged within the socio-politically contingent realm of discourse. Big Disinfo's abiding focus on Kremlin malfeasance, bolstered by the Ukraine war, motivates our emphasis on multilingual narratives linked to Russia and the USSR. But by pinpointing the Russian node in a vast translingual network, we will create a model for identifying and combatting disinformation practices of diverse provenance. With impact at its core, MD proposes a potent interdisciplinary intervention, showcasing how humanities scholars can address major global challenges. Forging a novel, cross-sectoral collaborative model involving leading academics, the UK's top think tank, Chatham House, a European disinformation monitor (EUDisinfoLab) and OFCOM, it draws on expertise in history, translation studies, audience research, media studies and security policy. Its linguistic scope combines languages paramount to the history and theory of disinformation - Russian, English, and German - with supplementary data in Arabic, Serbian, French and Spanish (all spoken in areas of significance to Russia). It is structured around case studies focused on 5 multilingual narratives recently identified by disinformation trackers and 2 historical antecedents from the Cold War period. They are underpinned by a variant of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) inflected with Bakhtinian dialogism, translation studies and digital methods designed to reveal how narratives travel online and play out in fragmented social media format. The CDA dovetails with audience ethnography, and a unique Chatham House simulation methodology designed to test policy responses to disinformation in local contexts. We will answer questions about disinformation's mutation across borders of time and language, and the roles played by translation and counter-disinformation (e.g., fact checking) in shaping its meanings. The involvement of counter-disinformation practitioners guarantees the reflexive dimension key to a transformative Critical Disinformation Studies toolset we will create to capture the full disinformation production-consumption-response cycle. Outputs include a book, seminar series and journal articles pitched to media and reception studies, language-based area studies, history, translation studies and medical humanities. Our Chatham House-led impact programme will generate reports for stakeholders, including the FCO and DCMS, and a user-oriented version of our toolset.