COLLABORATIVE PROJECT: MAGIC - A multi-tiered approach to generating increased carbon dioxide in the chloroplast

合作项目：MAGIC - 在叶绿体中产生更多二氧化碳的多层方法

• 批准号: BB/I024496/1
• 负责人: Michael Blatt
• 金额: $ 51.14万
• 依托单位: University of Glasgow
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FI024496%2F1
• 关键词: COLLABORATIVE; PROJECT; MAGIC; multi; tiered

Photosynthesis is at the core of virtually every aspect of society, from food production to industrial construction. Terrestrial photosynthesis is intimately connected with our use of other natural resources, and it exerts major controls on the water, mineral and carbon cycles of the world. For example, plant transpiration is thought to have contributed to recent changes in fresh-water availability associated with the global rise in CO2, and it is at the centre of a crisis in water availability expected over the next 20-30 years. Over this same period it is estimated that a 50% increase in global food production will be required to keep pace with the increase in human population. Crop yields have matched population growth until recently, but the gains from cereal cultivars bred in the Green Revolution were realised in full a decade ago. Thus it is vital that routes to further improvements in photosynthetic efficiency are sought now. In most species, CO2 is fixed by Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) in the Calvin-Benson cycle to generate a three-carbon compound. RuBisCO is remarkably poor in its substrate selectivity and promiscuously fixes both CO2 and O2, a fact that makes RuBisCO arguably the most inefficient step in photosynthesis. One way of reducing O2 use by RuBisCO is to raise the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). So-called carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) have evolved multiple times in nature, albeit not as a feature of most common crop species. Thus, comparisons suggest roughly a 50% increase in overall yield might be realised if O2 use by RuBisCO were bypassed in crops. Significant resources have gone into engineering RuBisCO for increased CO2 selectivity and introducing a single-celled version of C4 photosynthesis in rice, but these approaches have yet to see a step change in photosynthetic efficiency. One new set of strategies yet to be explored is to co-opt light-driven pumps, anion exchange transport and substrate channelling to supply CO2 to RuBisCO. To date none of these processes is known to facilitate photosynthesis, although all three occur naturally and have been employed synthetically in biology. It is our goal to develop the equivalent of a 'two-stage pump': placing in series (1) a transport mechanism to concentrate HCO3- in the chloroplast powered by the light-driven ion pump halorhodopsin (hR) from the archeon Halobacterium halobium, and (2) substrate channelling within the chloroplast using one or more molecular 'building blocks' from Clostridium or cyanobacteria to carry HCO3- or a four-carbon intermediate to RuBisCO. This two-stage strategy is expected to maximise CCM gain driven independently with light energy absorbed by hR, and it has the added potential for engineering hR to tap the unused asset of light beyond the photosynthetic spectrum. Furthermore, an overarching feature of this approach is in its modular nature: it will be possible to develop each stage of the two-stage pump in parallel, and to assess its functionality separately at molecular, cellular and whole-organismal levels, combining the components thereafter for final validation. This modular approach ensures the maximum efficiency and speed in realising our goal within the three-year period.

光合作用几乎是社会各个方面的核心，从食品生产到工业建设。陆地光合作用与我们对其他自然资源的使用密切相关，它对世界的水，矿物和碳循环施加重大控制。例如，植物蒸腾作用被认为是造成最近与全球二氧化碳上升有关的淡水供应变化的原因，它是预计在未来20-30年内水供应危机的核心。据估计，在同一时期，全球粮食产量需要增加50%才能跟上人口增长的步伐。直到最近，作物产量一直与人口增长相匹配，但在绿色革命中培育的谷物品种的收益在十年前就已经实现了。因此，现在寻求进一步提高光合效率的途径是至关重要的。在大多数物种中，CO2通过Calvin-Benson循环中的核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶（RuBisCO）固定，以产生三碳化合物。RuBisCO的底物选择性非常差，并且混杂地固定CO2和O2，这一事实使得RuBisCO可以说是光合作用中最低效的步骤。减少RuBisCO使用O2的一种方法是提高CO2分压（pCO 2）。所谓的碳浓缩机制（CCM）在自然界中已经进化了多次，尽管不是大多数常见作物物种的特征。因此，比较表明，如果在作物中绕过RuBisCO的O2使用，可能会实现总体产量增加约50%。大量的资源已经投入到工程RuBisCO中，以提高CO2的选择性，并在水稻中引入单细胞版本的C4光合作用，但这些方法还没有看到光合效率的阶跃变化。一套有待探索的新策略是利用光驱动泵、阴离子交换运输和底物通道向RuBisCO提供CO2。到目前为止，这些过程中没有一个是已知的，以促进光合作用，虽然所有三个自然发生，并已在生物学合成。我们的目标是开发相当于“两级泵”的产品：串联设置（1）由来自Archeon Halobacterium halobium的光驱动离子泵Halorhodopsin（hR）提供动力的在叶绿体中浓缩HCO 3-的运输机制，和（2）使用来自梭菌属或蓝细菌的一种或多种分子“构件”在叶绿体内进行底物通道化，以携带HCO 3-或四-碳中间体RuBisCO。这种两阶段策略预计将最大限度地提高CCM增益，独立驱动hR吸收的光能，并且它具有工程化hR的额外潜力，以利用光合光谱之外的未使用的光资产。此外，这种方法的首要特征是其模块化性质：可以并行开发两级泵的每个阶段，并在分子，细胞和整个生物体水平上分别评估其功能，然后将组件组合起来进行最终验证。这种模块化方法确保了在三年内实现我们目标的最大效率和速度。

项目成果

Plant Physiology Launches Associate Features Editors.

植物生理学推出副专题编辑。

• DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00113
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Plant physiology
• 影响因子: 7.4
• 作者: Blatt MR

The conceptual approach to quantitative modeling of guard cells

• DOI: 10.4161/psb.22747
• 发表时间: 2013-01-01
• 期刊: PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Blatt, Michael R.;Hills, Adrian;Lew, Vigilio L.
• 通讯作者: Lew, Vigilio L.

Exploring emergent properties in cellular homeostasis using OnGuard to model K+ and other ion transport in guard cells.

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.014
• 发表时间: 2014-05-15
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
• 影响因子: 4.3
• 作者: Blatt, Michael R.;Wang, Yizhou;Leonhardt, Nathalie;Hills, Adrian
• 通讯作者: Hills, Adrian

New Faces behind the Scenes.

幕后新面孔。

• DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00140
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Plant physiology
• 影响因子: 7.4
• 作者: Blatt MR