BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS THAT THREATEN TREE HEALTH

树木健康和植物生物安全专家工作组已经确定了一些对英国树木构成威胁的昆虫，并建议英国“制定和实施防备和应急计划程序，以预测、监测和控制害虫的蔓延”。他们还将检测和生物防治确定为树木健康领域，其中存在相当大的知识差距。BIPESCO是一个跨学科项目，将开发昆虫病原真菌(EPF)和植物药物来控制对英国树木构成威胁的害虫。具有引诱剂或驱避剂特性的植物药将单独使用或与EPF一起使用，用于新颖的“引诱和杀死”和“压力和杀死”害虫控制策略。将使用引诱剂来改进虫害监测和大规模诱捕。BIPESCO是及时的，因为新的欧盟立法鼓励使用天然产品作为传统化学农药的环境友好替代品，传统化学农药的使用正受到严格限制(第2009/128/EC号指令)。对天然产品的需求正在增加，而且还将继续增加。因此，有机会开发这些制剂，并制定提高其效力的战略，以促进市场采用。BIPESCO的具体目标是：1.鉴定对现有和新出现的害虫物种致病的EPF菌株。2.确定吸引或击退目标害虫的植物药物。3.优化EPF和植物药物的协同作用，用于“引诱和杀死”和“压力和杀死”策略，并增加对相关机制的了解。在示范试验中验证候选EPF和植物药的有效性5。对产品和策略进行风险评估6。利用数据来确定产品和策略的社会经济效益。BIPESCO(斯旺西大学[SU；Lead]、FERA和森林研究[FR])在树木病虫害的管理以及新产品和防治策略的开发方面拥有丰富的经验。苏州开发了EPF和用于害虫控制的植物药物，包括EPF绿僵菌，它对松象和黑藤象甲(PW)有有效的控制作用。苏已经确定了几种改善PW行为的植物药物，并为一种PW引诱剂申请了专利。苏州将利用其专业知识为其他害虫物种开发引诱剂和驱虫剂。FERA有与新出现的害虫物种合作的经验，如橡树过程蛾(松树过程蛾的近亲，PPM)和亚洲天牛(ALB)。FERA将在最先进的隔离设施中评估SU提供的EPF和植物药物对PPM和ALB的影响。与SU一起，他们将确定EPF和植物之间的协同作用，并阐明应激化合物如何增强EPF的疗效。FR在一系列森林害虫的管理和建模方面拥有专业知识，并开发了建议种植者何时使用杀虫剂的系统。与SU和FERA一起，FR将在森林系统中测试选定的产品和策略。BIPESCO还将对产品和战略进行风险评估，并产生关于其社会经济效益的知识。BIPESCO得到了代表供应链的七个行业合作伙伴(Sentomol、Lisk&Jones、UPM、Maelor NurSeries、Neem Biotech、Fargro和GreenerPoll)的支持。支持(价值328,591 GB)包括资源(如材料、试验场、劳动力)和咨询，为项目增值。BIPESCO的成果(如上文具体目标所示)将产生相当大的学术和商业影响。它们将使林业、商业苗圃和地方当局(城市景观)受益，并将导致与病虫害防治和相关公司的强有力和持续的合作。根据LWEC的呼吁，这些产出将提供控制ALB等潜在入侵有害生物的解决方案。该项目将为一个巨大的、不断扩大的虫害防治市场提供产品和战略，目前市场价值490亿美元，但预计到2016年将达到590亿美元。

The Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Expert Taskforce has identified a number of insects that pose a threat to UK trees and recommended that the UK "Develop and implement procedures for preparedness and contingency planning to predict, monitor and control the spread of pests". They also identified detection and biological control as areas of tree health where there were considerable knowledge gaps.BIPESCO is an interdisciplinary project that will develop entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and botanicals to control insect pests that pose a threat to UK trees. Botanicals with attractant or repellent properties will be used alone or with EPF in novel "lure and kill" and "stress and kill" pest control strategies. Attractants will be used to improve pest monitoring and mass trapping. BIPESCO is timely because new EU legislation encourages the use of natural products as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides, usage of which is being severely restricted (Directive 2009/128/EC). Demand for natural products is increasing, and will continue to increase. Thus, opportunity exists to develop these agents, and strategies that enhance their efficacy, to facilitate adoption in the market. BIPESCO's specific aims are:1. Identify strains of EPF pathogenic to current and emergent pest species. 2. Identify botanicals that attract or repel target pests. 3. Optimise synergy of EPF and botanicals for use in "lure and kill" and "stress and kill" strategies, and increase knowledge of mechanisms involved.4. Validate efficacy of candidate EPF and botanicals in demonstration trials 5. Conduct risk assessments of products and strategies6. Utilise data to determine socioeconomic benefits of products and strategies. BIPESCO (Swansea University [SU; lead], Fera and Forest Research [FR]) have considerable experience in management of tree pests and development of new products and strategies to control them. SU has developed EPF and botanicals for pest control including the EPF Metarhizium anisopliae, which is effective in controlling pine weevil (PW) and black vine weevil. SU has identified several PW behaviour-modifying botanicals, and patented a PW attractant. SU will use its expertise to develop attractants and repellents for other pest species. Fera has experience working with emergent pest species such as oak processionary moth (a close relative of the pine processionary moth, PPM) and Asian longhorned beetle (ALB). Fera will evaluate EPF and botanicals provided by SU against PPM and ALB in state-of-the-art quarantine facilities. Together with SU, they will identify synergies between EPF and botanicals and elucidate how stressing compounds enhance EPF efficacy. FR has expertise in management and modelling of a range of forest pests and has developed systems that advise growers on when to use pesticides. Together with SU and Fera, FR will test selected products and strategies in forest systems. BIPESCO will also conduct risk assessments on products and strategies, and generate knowledge on their socio-economic benefits. BIPESCO has the support of seven industry partners (Sentomol, Lisk & Jones, UPM, Maelor Nurseries, Neem Biotech, Fargro and Greenerpol), representing the supply chain. The support (worth £328,591) includes resources (e.g. materials, trial sites, labour) and advice, giving added value to the project. BIPESCO's outputs (indicated in specific aims, above) will have considerable academic and commercial impact. They will benefit forestry, commercial nurseries, and local authorities (urban landscapes), and will lead to strong and on-going collaborations with pest control and related companies. The outputs will provide solutions to control of potential invasive pests such as ALB, in accord with the LWEC call. This project will provide products and strategies for a large and expanding pest control market currently worth $49 billion, but expected to reach $59 billion by 2016.