Promoting resilience of UK tree species to novel pests and pathogens: ecological and evolutionary solutions

提高英国树种对新型害虫和病原体的抵抗力：生态和进化解决方案

• 批准号: BB/L012243/1
• 负责人: Stephen Cavers
• 金额: $ 34.34万
• 依托单位: NERC CEH (Up to 30.11.2019)
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FL012243%2F1
• 关键词: Promoting; resilience; UK; tree; species

It has been made clear by examples such as Ash Dieback, that our trees face a serious threat from new diseases and pests. As trees are everywhere and are well-loved parts of our landscape, an important part of our economy and an essential part of our biodiversity, their loss has serious consequences. However, dealing with each new threat as it comes along is difficult, expensive and potentially futile as threats can evolve so much faster than their tree hosts. Also, tree health is not just about a single pest or disease, but about growing trees in the right place, about keeping population sizes up, about ensuring seedlings get a chance to grow and about allowing forests to change as the environment changes. So, in order to find a sustainable long-term strategy for keeping our trees healthy, we need to consider the range of real and potential threats that trees face and try to deal with these together. At the same time, we need to ask what is possible for changing the way we grow trees: how do we use trees now, what do we want from our trees in the future, and how much change are we willing to accept? By finding a middle ground, that brings together the best biological knowledge with a clear understanding of the possible ways to adapt, we can give our trees the best possible chance of withstanding new threats.The most important part of finding a way to do this is bringing together many different groups of people, and different types of knowledge. A lot is known about many of our trees already, but usually this knowledge comes from unlinked, independent studies and rarely do results from one study tell us something about another, even for the same tree species. Much better coordination is needed. To show how this can be done, we aim to use the example of Scots pine, an important native tree species. For Scots pine, we know of several serious threats that are either here or are likely to reach the UK soon. The remaining native Scots pine forests are small and fragmented, but we know that they are adapted to their local environments: so pine trees from one part of the country grow differently than those from another. There are large plantations of Scots pine in many parts of the UK - there is ten times as much planted as remains in the native forests - and these are often at much higher densities than are found in nature, and often alongside plantations of pines from other parts of the world. There is also a strong cultural attachment to the species; in many places pinewoods are being replanted and it is often used as a garden or amenity tree. Our project aims to measure how variable and adaptable are the threats to Scots pine, to test how much variation there is in the tree species in resistance to these threats, and to find ways to get people involved in making healthier pine forests. By doing this we also aim to show how the same thing can be done for any other tree species, and to put in place the tools for getting it done. We will focus on three important threats to Scots pine - Dothistroma needle blight, the pinetree Lappet moth and pine pitch canker. We will bring together a group of scientists - specialists in ecology, tree genetics, forest pathology, plant biochemistry, fungal ecology and evolution and social science - who will work together on the same, carefully chosen pine trees. This work will tell us how much the UK Scots pine population varies and how much it can change from generation to generation; how populations of the threats grow and change; and what can be done to make the pine forests we have more resilient. We will bring in lessons from crop agriculture, where similar problems have been faced for generations, and adapt these for trees and forests, that have much longer lifespans. Finally, by talking to people who work with and use trees, and the general public, we will find ways to use this information to make things change on the ground.

灰枯梢病等例子清楚地表明，我们的树木面临着新的疾病和害虫的严重威胁。由于树木无处不在，是我们景观中深受喜爱的部分，是我们经济的重要组成部分，也是我们生物多样性的重要组成部分，它们的损失会产生严重后果。然而，处理每一个新的威胁，因为它来沿着是困难的，昂贵的和潜在的徒劳的威胁可以演变得比他们的树主机快得多。此外，树木健康不仅仅是一种单一的害虫或疾病，而是在正确的地方种植树木，保持种群规模，确保幼苗有机会生长，并允许森林随着环境的变化而变化。因此，为了找到一个可持续的长期战略来保持我们的树木健康，我们需要考虑树木面临的真实的和潜在的威胁，并试图共同应对这些威胁。与此同时，我们需要问一问，改变我们种植树木的方式有什么可能：我们现在如何使用树木，我们将来想从树木那里得到什么，我们愿意接受多大的改变？通过找到一个中间地带，将最好的生物学知识与对可能的适应方法的清晰理解结合在一起，我们可以给我们的树木最好的机会来抵御新的威胁。找到一种方法来做到这一点的最重要的部分是将许多不同的人群和不同类型的知识结合在一起。我们已经对许多树木有了很多了解，但这些知识通常来自独立的研究，很少有一项研究的结果告诉我们另一项研究的情况，即使是同一树种。需要更好的协调。为了说明如何做到这一点，我们的目标是以苏格兰松（一种重要的本土树种）为例。对于苏格兰松来说，我们知道几种严重的威胁要么已经存在，要么可能很快就会到达英国。剩下的苏格兰原生松树林很小，而且很分散，但我们知道它们适应了当地的环境：所以来自这个国家一个地区的松树生长得与另一个地区的松树不同。在英国的许多地方都有大量的苏格兰松种植园-种植的数量是原始森林的十倍-这些种植园的密度通常比自然界中的密度高得多，并且经常与来自世界其他地区的松树种植园一起。对该物种也有强烈的文化依恋;在许多地方，松林正在重新种植，它经常被用作花园或舒适树。我们的项目旨在测量苏格兰松面临的威胁的可变性和适应性，测试树种对这些威胁的抵抗力有多大变化，并找到让人们参与建设更健康的松树林的方法。通过这样做，我们的目标也是展示如何对任何其他树种做同样的事情，并把工具到位。我们将集中在三个重要的威胁苏格兰松- Dothistroma针叶枯萎病，松树Lappet蛾和松树沥青溃疡。我们将汇集一群科学家--生态学、树木遗传学、森林病理学、植物生物化学、真菌生态学、进化和社会科学领域的专家--他们将在同一棵精心挑选的松树上共同工作。这项工作将告诉我们英国苏格兰松树种群的变化有多大，一代又一代的变化有多大;威胁的种群如何增长和变化;以及可以做些什么来使我们拥有的松树林更具弹性。我们将从作物农业中吸取教训，在那里几代人都面临着类似的问题，并将其用于树木和森林，这些树木和森林的寿命要长得多。最后，通过与那些与树木一起工作和使用树木的人以及公众交谈，我们将找到利用这些信息来改变实地情况的方法。

项目成果

Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research

• DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.29.450162
• 发表时间: 2021-06
• 期刊: The Plant Journal
• 作者: Chedly Kastally;Alina K. Niskanen;A. Perry;S. Kujala;K. Avia;Sandra Cervantes;M. Haapanen;Robert Kesälahti;T. Kumpula;Tiina M. Mattila;D. I. Ojeda;J. Tyrmi;W. Wachowiak;S. Cavers;K. Kärkkäinen;O. Savolainen;T. Pyhäjärvi

Using genome resequencing to investigate racial structure, genetic diversity, sexual reproduction and hybridisation in the pine pathogen Dothistroma septosporum

• DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100921
• 发表时间: 2020-06-01
• 期刊: FUNGAL ECOLOGY
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Ennos, Richard A.;Sjokvist, Elisabet Ingrid;Hoebe, Peter N.
• 通讯作者: Hoebe, Peter N.

Phenotypical and Molecular Characterisation of Fusarium circinatum: Correlation with Virulence and Fungicide Sensitivity

环状镰刀菌的表型和分子特征：与毒力和杀菌剂敏感性的相关性

• DOI: 10.3390/f8110458
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Forests
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Mullett M

Identifying and testing marker-trait associations for growth and phenology in three pine species: Implications for genomic prediction.

• DOI: 10.1111/eva.13345
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: Evolutionary applications
• 影响因子: 4.1
• 作者: Perry A;Wachowiak W;Beaton J;Iason G;Cottrell J;Cavers S
• 通讯作者: Cavers S

Phenotypic trait variation in a long-term multisite common garden experiment of Scots pine in Scotland.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01791-8
• 发表时间: 2022-11-04
• 期刊: SCIENTIFIC DATA
• 影响因子: 9.8
• 作者: Beaton, Joan;Perry, Annika;Cottrell, Joan;Iason, Glenn;Stockan, Jenni;Cavers, Stephen
• 通讯作者: Cavers, Stephen