Promoting resilience of UK tree species to novel pests and pathogens: ecological and evolutionary solutions

提高英国树种对新型害虫和病原体的抵抗力：生态和进化解决方案

• 批准号: BB/L012243/1
• 负责人: Stephen Cavers
• 金额: $ 34.34万
• 依托单位: NERC CEH (Up to 30.11.2019)
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FL012243%2F1
• 关键词: Promoting; resilience; UK; tree; species

It has been made clear by examples such as Ash Dieback, that our trees face a serious threat from new diseases and pests. As trees are everywhere and are well-loved parts of our landscape, an important part of our economy and an essential part of our biodiversity, their loss has serious consequences. However, dealing with each new threat as it comes along is difficult, expensive and potentially futile as threats can evolve so much faster than their tree hosts. Also, tree health is not just about a single pest or disease, but about growing trees in the right place, about keeping population sizes up, about ensuring seedlings get a chance to grow and about allowing forests to change as the environment changes. So, in order to find a sustainable long-term strategy for keeping our trees healthy, we need to consider the range of real and potential threats that trees face and try to deal with these together. At the same time, we need to ask what is possible for changing the way we grow trees: how do we use trees now, what do we want from our trees in the future, and how much change are we willing to accept? By finding a middle ground, that brings together the best biological knowledge with a clear understanding of the possible ways to adapt, we can give our trees the best possible chance of withstanding new threats.The most important part of finding a way to do this is bringing together many different groups of people, and different types of knowledge. A lot is known about many of our trees already, but usually this knowledge comes from unlinked, independent studies and rarely do results from one study tell us something about another, even for the same tree species. Much better coordination is needed. To show how this can be done, we aim to use the example of Scots pine, an important native tree species. For Scots pine, we know of several serious threats that are either here or are likely to reach the UK soon. The remaining native Scots pine forests are small and fragmented, but we know that they are adapted to their local environments: so pine trees from one part of the country grow differently than those from another. There are large plantations of Scots pine in many parts of the UK - there is ten times as much planted as remains in the native forests - and these are often at much higher densities than are found in nature, and often alongside plantations of pines from other parts of the world. There is also a strong cultural attachment to the species; in many places pinewoods are being replanted and it is often used as a garden or amenity tree. Our project aims to measure how variable and adaptable are the threats to Scots pine, to test how much variation there is in the tree species in resistance to these threats, and to find ways to get people involved in making healthier pine forests. By doing this we also aim to show how the same thing can be done for any other tree species, and to put in place the tools for getting it done. We will focus on three important threats to Scots pine - Dothistroma needle blight, the pinetree Lappet moth and pine pitch canker. We will bring together a group of scientists - specialists in ecology, tree genetics, forest pathology, plant biochemistry, fungal ecology and evolution and social science - who will work together on the same, carefully chosen pine trees. This work will tell us how much the UK Scots pine population varies and how much it can change from generation to generation; how populations of the threats grow and change; and what can be done to make the pine forests we have more resilient. We will bring in lessons from crop agriculture, where similar problems have been faced for generations, and adapt these for trees and forests, that have much longer lifespans. Finally, by talking to people who work with and use trees, and the general public, we will find ways to use this information to make things change on the ground.

白蜡树等例子清楚地表明，我们的树木面临着新病虫害的严重威胁。由于树木无处不在，是我们景观中深受喜爱的一部分，是我们经济的重要组成部分，也是我们生物多样性的重要组成部分，它们的损失会造成严重后果。然而，应对每一个新威胁都是困难的、昂贵的，而且可能是徒劳的，因为威胁的进化速度比它们的宿主要快得多。此外，树木的健康不仅仅是一种害虫或疾病，而是在正确的地方种植树木，保持种群规模，确保幼苗有机会生长，并允许森林随着环境的变化而变化。因此，为了找到一个可持续的长期战略来保持我们的树木健康，我们需要考虑树木面临的现实和潜在威胁的范围，并试图共同应对这些威胁。与此同时，我们需要问，改变我们种树的方式有什么可能：我们现在如何利用树木，我们未来想从我们的树木中得到什么，我们愿意接受多大的改变？通过找到一个中间地带，将最好的生物学知识与对可能的适应方式的清晰理解结合起来，我们可以给我们的树木提供抵御新威胁的最佳机会。找到这样做的方法的最重要的部分是将许多不同群体的人和不同类型的知识聚集在一起。我们对许多树木已经有了很多了解，但这些知识通常来自互不相关的独立研究，很少有一项研究的结果能告诉我们另一项研究的情况，即使是同一树种。需要更好的协调。为了展示如何做到这一点，我们打算以苏格兰松为例，这是一种重要的本地树种。对于苏格兰松，我们知道有几个严重的威胁，要么在这里，要么可能很快到达英国。现存的本地苏格兰松林很小，而且支离破碎，但我们知道它们适应了当地的环境：所以来自这个国家一个地区的松树与来自另一个地区的松树生长方式不同。在英国的许多地方都有大型的苏格兰松种植园——种植的苏格兰松是原始森林中剩余的十倍——这些苏格兰松的密度通常比自然界中发现的要高得多，而且经常与世界其他地区的松树种植园为伴。对这个物种也有强烈的文化依恋；在许多地方，松木被重新种植，它经常被用作花园或美化树木。我们的项目旨在测量对苏格兰松的威胁有多大的变化和适应性，测试树种对这些威胁的抵抗力有多大的变化，并找到让人们参与到更健康的松树林中来的方法。通过这样做，我们还旨在展示如何在任何其他树种上做同样的事情，并为完成这项工作提供适当的工具。我们将重点关注对苏格兰松的三种重要威胁-针叶枯病，松树拉皮蛾和松树沥青溃疡病。我们将召集一组科学家——生态学、树木遗传学、森林病理学、植物生物化学、真菌生态学和进化以及社会科学方面的专家——他们将共同研究同样精心挑选的松树。这项工作将告诉我们英国苏格兰松种群的变化程度，以及代代相传的变化程度；威胁物种的数量如何增长和变化；我们能做些什么来让松林更有弹性。我们将借鉴几代人都面临类似问题的农作物农业的经验教训，并将其应用于寿命更长的树木和森林。最后，通过与与树木一起工作和使用树木的人以及普通公众交谈，我们将找到使用这些信息来改变现状的方法。

项目成果

Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research

• DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.29.450162
• 发表时间: 2021-06
• 期刊: The Plant Journal
• 作者: Chedly Kastally;Alina K. Niskanen;A. Perry;S. Kujala;K. Avia;Sandra Cervantes;M. Haapanen;Robert Kesälahti;T. Kumpula;Tiina M. Mattila;D. I. Ojeda;J. Tyrmi;W. Wachowiak;S. Cavers;K. Kärkkäinen;O. Savolainen;T. Pyhäjärvi

Using genome resequencing to investigate racial structure, genetic diversity, sexual reproduction and hybridisation in the pine pathogen Dothistroma septosporum

• DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100921
• 发表时间: 2020-06-01
• 期刊: FUNGAL ECOLOGY
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Ennos, Richard A.;Sjokvist, Elisabet Ingrid;Hoebe, Peter N.
• 通讯作者: Hoebe, Peter N.

Phenotypical and Molecular Characterisation of Fusarium circinatum: Correlation with Virulence and Fungicide Sensitivity

环状镰刀菌的表型和分子特征：与毒力和杀菌剂敏感性的相关性

• DOI: 10.3390/f8110458
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Forests
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Mullett M

Identifying and testing marker-trait associations for growth and phenology in three pine species: Implications for genomic prediction.

• DOI: 10.1111/eva.13345
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: Evolutionary applications
• 影响因子: 4.1
• 作者: Perry A;Wachowiak W;Beaton J;Iason G;Cottrell J;Cavers S
• 通讯作者: Cavers S

Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research.

• DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15628
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: PLANT JOURNAL
• 影响因子: 7.2
• 作者: Kastally, Chedly;Niskanen, Alina K.;Perry, Annika;Kujala, Sonja T.;Avia, Komlan;Cervantes, Sandra;Haapanen, Matti;Kesalahti, Robert;Kumpula, Timo A.;Mattila, Tiina M.;Ojeda, Dario, I;Tyrmi, Jaakko S.;Wachowiak, Witold;Cavers, Stephen;Karkkainen, Katri;Savolainen, Outi;Pyhajarvi, Tanja
• 通讯作者: Pyhajarvi, Tanja