THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA IN POPULATION GENETICS

重组DNA技术将应用于三个相互关联的问题 在进化遗传学：推断人口结构，检测 创始人效应和瓶颈效应，并为密切 相关taxa 人口结构将同时通过 研究母系（线粒体DNA），父系（Y染色体DNA）， 和双性（X和常染色体DNA）遗传变异， 人口 人口结构的许多方面可以用 单性遗传的标记，以前很难，甚至 理论上无法估计。 在一个物种中观察到的遗传变异的数量和分布是 当前人口结构函数与过去的创始人和瓶颈 在这些事件中，该物种经历了小种群规模的事件。 这样的创始人和瓶颈事件的检测将完成 通过比较限制性位点多态性和进化速率， 线粒体DNA与双性遗传的核糖体DNA和同工酶。 理论预测，对这些历史事件的敏感性不同， 单倍体-母本与二倍体-两性遗传系统。 编码在DNA中的历史信息也可以追溯到 物种本身的存在，因此密切相关的物种的遗传， 将利用这些信息构建物种。 新的统计 将开发估算和测试遗传学的技术。 选择密切相关的物种是因为它们最接近 物种形成过程 各种理论都提出了人口的作用 结构，创始人事件，以及过程中的瓶颈效应 物种形成 这些理论的预测将通过叠加 根据收集到的关于 人口结构和创始人和/或瓶颈效应。 这个建议是面向问题的，而不是面向组织的。 生物 选择了许多辅助信息，这些信息至少涉及 三个具体目标之一，但重要的进化 问题仍然有待解答。 通过选择适当的数组， 生物体，我们同时检查我们的推断的有效性 程序，同时扩大我们对每个组的知识和测试的基本 物种形成理论的预测。

Recombinant DNA techniques will be applied to three inter-related problems in evolutionary genetics: inferring population structure, detecting founder and bottleneck effects, and constructing phylogenies for closely related taxa. Population structure will be inferred by simultaneously studying maternally (mitochondrial DNA), paternally (Y-chromosomal DNA), and bisexually (X and autosomal DNA) inherited variants in the same population. Many aspects of population structure can be estimated with unisexually inherited markers that were previously difficult or even theoretically impossible to estimate. The amount and distribution of genetic variation observed in a species is a function of current population structure and past founder and bottleneck events in which the species underwent episodes of small population size. The detection of such founder and bottleneck events will be accomplished through contrasting restriction site polymorphism and evolutionary rates of mitochondrial DNA versus bisexually inherited ribosomal DNA and allozymes. Theory predicts a differential sensitivity to such historical events for haploid-maternal versus diploid-bisexual genetic systems. The historical information encoded in the DNA also extends back beyond the existence of the species itself, and hence phylogenies of closely related species will be constructed using this information. New statistical techniques for estimating and testing phylogenies will be developed. Closely related species are chosen because they are nearest to the speciation process. Various theories have proposed a role for population structure, founder events, and bottleneck effects in the process of speciation. Predictions from these theories will be tested by overlaying the phylogenetic reconstructions upon the information gathered concerning population structure and founder and/or bottleneck effects. This proposal is problem-oriented rather than organism-oriented. Organisms are chosen for which much ancillary information exists relating to at least one of the three specific aims, but for which important evolutionary questions remain to be answered. By choosing an appropriate array of organisms, we are simultaneously checking the validity of our inference procedure while expanding our knowledge of each group and testing basic predictions of speciation theory.