THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA IN POPULATION GENETICS

重组DNA技术将应用于三个相互关联的问题 进化遗传学：推断种群结构，检测 创始人和瓶颈效应，并为密切构建系统发育图 相关的分类群。人口结构将被同时推断 研究母系(线粒体DNA)、父系(Y染色体DNA)、 和双性(X和常染色体DNA)遗传的变异在同一 人口。人口结构的许多方面可以用 以前很难甚至是单性遗传的标记 理论上是不可能估计的。 在一个物种中观察到的遗传变异的数量和分布是 当前人口结构的作用和过去的奠基者和瓶颈 该物种经历了种群规模较小的事件。 将完成对此类创始人和瓶颈事件的检测 通过对比限制性内切酶切点多态和进化速率 线粒体DNA与双性遗传核糖体DNA和等位酶。 理论预测对这样的历史事件有一种不同的敏感性 单倍体母性遗传系统与二倍体双性遗传系统。 DNA中编码的历史信息也延伸到 物种本身的存在，并因此密切相关的系统发育 物种将使用这些信息来构建。新统计 将开发评估和测试系统发育的技术。 选择关系密切的物种是因为它们最接近 物种形成过程。各种理论都提出了人口的作用 结构、创始人事件和过程中的瓶颈效应 物种形成。来自这些理论的预测将通过叠加来检验 基于收集到的相关信息的系统发育重建 人口结构和创始人和/或瓶颈效应。 这个建议是以问题为导向的，而不是以有机体为导向的。生物体 被选择为至少与以下方面有关的许多辅助信息 三个具体目标之一，但对其重要的进化 问题仍有待回答。通过选择适当的 生物体，我们同时检查我们推论的有效性 程序，同时扩展我们对每个组和测试基础知识的了解 物种形成理论的预测。

Recombinant DNA techniques will be applied to three inter-related problems in evolutionary genetics: inferring population structure, detecting founder and bottleneck effects, and constructing phylogenies for closely related taxa. Population structure will be inferred by simultaneously studying maternally (mitochondrial DNA), paternally (Y-chromosomal DNA), and bisexually (X and autosomal DNA) inherited variants in the same population. Many aspects of population structure can be estimated with unisexually inherited markers that were previously difficult or even theoretically impossible to estimate. The amount and distribution of genetic variation observed in a species is a function of current population structure and past founder and bottleneck events in which the species underwent episodes of small population size. The detection of such founder and bottleneck events will be accomplished through contrasting restriction site polymorphism and evolutionary rates of mitochondrial DNA versus bisexually inherited ribosomal DNA and allozymes. Theory predicts a differential sensitivity to such historical events for haploid-maternal versus diploid-bisexual genetic systems. The historical information encoded in the DNA also extends back beyond the existence of the species itself, and hence phylogenies of closely related species will be constructed using this information. New statistical techniques for estimating and testing phylogenies will be developed. Closely related species are chosen because they are nearest to the speciation process. Various theories have proposed a role for population structure, founder events, and bottleneck effects in the process of speciation. Predictions from these theories will be tested by overlaying the phylogenetic reconstructions upon the information gathered concerning population structure and founder and/or bottleneck effects. This proposal is problem-oriented rather than organism-oriented. Organisms are chosen for which much ancillary information exists relating to at least one of the three specific aims, but for which important evolutionary questions remain to be answered. By choosing an appropriate array of organisms, we are simultaneously checking the validity of our inference procedure while expanding our knowledge of each group and testing basic predictions of speciation theory.