Novel sources of disease resistance and effector detection from genetic and genomic analysis of Solanum americanum diversity

美洲茄多样性的遗传和基因组分析的抗病性和效应子检测的新来源

• 批准号: BB/W017423/1
• 负责人: Jonathan Jones
• 金额: $ 84.09万
• 依托单位: University of East Anglia
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FW017423%2F1
• 关键词: Novel; sources; disease; resistance; effector

Potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Pi), is a devastating disease of potato crops and led to the Irish potato famine of the 1840s. Most potato varieties are susceptible to blight, and its control costs ~£60M in fungicide applications in the UK, and ~$7B world-wide.Genetic resistance to blight would greatly reduce the need for agrichemical sprays and save on tractor journeys that emit CO2 and compact the soil. Plants have powerful defence mechanisms, but the key to resistance is recognition. Blight is a rapidly evolving pathogen, with many different races. As with antibiotics, reliance on one mode of action or one source of resistance is risky, and as with COVID, pathogens can rapidly evolve to cope with resistance mechanisms. We have deployed a stack of 3 Resistance to Pi (Rpi) genes in a potential new variety ("PiperPlus"), but more Rpi genes are needed in anticipation of pathogen evolution, and also to enhance our understanding of plant/pathogen coevolution, and pathogen virulence mechanisms.Our primary objective is to understand the near-immunity to late blight of the potato relative Solanum americanum ("Sam"), the diploid ancestor of the widespread UK native plant black nightshade (S. nigrum). We have 54 different accessions from around the world, but all are fully resistant in the field, though some show susceptibility under disease-promoting lab conditions, which enabled us to use genetics to clone two Resistance to P. infestans (Rpi) genes, Rpi-amr1 and Rpi-amr3.Because we have cloned the Pi molecules (Avramr1 and Avramr3) that are recognized by Rpi-amr1 and Rpi-amr3, we could identify many additional "non-amr1,3" resistances in our collection. We have extensive Sam genome sequence data that greatly helps analysis of genetic variation for detection of and resistance to Pi. A central goal of this proposal is to clone multiple additional resistances and to verify their efficacy against multiple races of Pi. We are confident there at least two additional resistance genes in our set of accessions; Rpi-amr5 from Sam accession SP2275 (perhaps but not necessarily the same as Rpi-amr12 from SP3370), and Rpi-amr13 from SP2300 (perhaps but not necessarily the same as Rpi-amr15 from SP2298) and Rpi-amr14 from SP1101. Genetic mapping to identify these new Rpi genes is well advanced and will be completed and published during the grant period, with function verified in transgenic potato plants Since Sam is so resistant, it is likely to have many different ways of recognising Pi. We have identified another 7 virulence components from Pi that are recognised in at least one Sam accession, and are well on the way to identifying the Sam gene that underpins each of these recognition capacities. One is already cloned. We hypothesise that these multiple recognition capacities contribute to resistance. We will test this in two ways(i) we will test if transfer of these additional recognition capacities into potato, alone or in combination, can elevate resistance tp Pi.(ii) we will use the recent "CrispR" technology for targeted mutagenesis to mutate three of these genes in accession SP2271, and test if reduction in recognition capacity compromises resistance and elevates susceptibilityPathogen effectors have evolved to promote their reproductive success when growing on their hosts. Effectors contribute to pathogen virulence by interfering with plant mechanisms that are part of the plant defence response. By identifying the host target of a pathogen effector, we identify key components of plant defence mechanisms. Thus, every new resistance gene isolated not only helps enable durable disease resistance, but also provides a route to identifying the recognised molecule that is a key pathogen virulence component, and therefore also their plant targets, enabling us to greatly enhance our understanding of plant immunity.

马铃薯晚疫病由马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans，PI)引起，是19世纪40年代爱尔兰马铃薯大饥荒的主要原因之一。大多数马铃薯品种对枯萎病很敏感，在英国，它的防治成本约为6000万GB，在全球范围内，成本约为70亿美元。对枯萎病的遗传抗性将极大地减少对农用喷雾的需求，并节省排放二氧化碳和压实土壤的拖拉机行程。植物有强大的防御机制，但抵抗的关键是识别。枯萎病是一种进化迅速的病原菌，有许多不同的小种。与抗生素一样，依赖一种作用模式或一种抗药性来源是有风险的，与COVID一样，病原体可以迅速进化以应对耐药性机制。我们已经在一个潜在的新品种(PiperPlus)中部署了3个抗PI(RPI)基因，但为了预测病原菌的进化，还需要更多的RPI基因，以加强我们对植物/病原菌协同进化和病原菌毒力机制的理解。我们的主要目的是了解马铃薯相对美国茄子(Solanum Americanum)对晚疫病的近免疫力。我们有来自世界各地的54个不同的材料，但所有材料在田间都是完全抗病的，尽管有些材料在致病实验室条件下表现出感病，这使得我们能够利用遗传学克隆两个抗病疫霉(PPI)基因，RPI-amr1和RPI-amr3。由于我们已经克隆了RPI-AMR1和RPI-amr3识别的PI分子(Avramr1和Avramr3)，所以我们可以在我们的收集中鉴定出许多额外的“非amr1，3”抗性。我们有大量的SAM基因组序列数据，这极大地有助于分析遗传变异，以检测和抵抗PI。这项提议的一个中心目标是克隆多个额外的抗性，并验证它们对多个PI小种的有效性。我们确信，在我们的材料中至少还有两个额外的抗性基因：来自SAM的SP2275的rpi-amr5(可能但不一定与来自SP3370的rpi-amr12相同)、来自SP2300的rpi-amr13(可能但不一定与来自SP2298的rpi-amr15相同)和来自SP1101的rpi-amr14。识别这些新的RPI基因的遗传图谱进展顺利，将在赠款期间完成并公布，并在转基因马铃薯植株中验证功能。由于SAM是如此抗病，它可能有许多不同的方法来识别PI。我们已经从PI中鉴定出另外7个毒力成分，这些成分至少在一次SAM登录中被识别，并正在很好地识别支持每一种识别能力的SAM基因。其中一个已经被克隆了。我们假设，这些多重识别能力导致了耐药性。我们将通过两种方式测试这一点：(I)我们将测试是否将这些额外的识别能力转移到马铃薯中，单独或联合使用，是否可以提高抗性。(Ii)我们将使用最新的定向突变技术来突变SP2271中的三个这些基因，并测试识别能力的降低是否会损害抗性并提高敏感性，以及病原体效应器已经进化到促进它们在寄主上生长时的繁殖成功。效应器通过干扰作为植物防御反应一部分的植物机制来促进病原菌的毒力。通过确定病原体效应器的宿主靶标，我们确定了植物防御机制的关键组件。因此，分离出的每一个新的抗性基因不仅有助于实现持久的抗病能力，而且还提供了一条识别分子的途径，该分子是病原菌毒力的关键成分，因此也是它们的植物靶标，使我们能够极大地提高我们对植物免疫的理解。

项目成果

The Solanum americanum pangenome and effectoromics reveal new resistance genes against potato late blight

• DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.11.503608
• 发表时间: 2022-08
• 期刊: bioRxiv
• 作者: Xiao Lin;Yuxin Jia;R. Heal;Maxim Prokchorchik;M. Sindalovskaya;A. Olave-Achury;Moffat Makechemu;Sebastian Fairhead;Azka Noureen;Jung-Soo Heo;Kamil Witek;M. Smoker;Jodie Taylor;R. Shrestha;Yoonyoung Lee;Chunzhi Zhang;S. Park;K. Sohn;Sanwen Huang;Jonathan D. G. Jones

Solanum americanum genome-assisted discovery of immune receptors that detect potato late blight pathogen effectors.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01486-9
• 发表时间: 2023-09
• 期刊: NATURE GENETICS
• 影响因子: 30.8
• 作者: Lin, Xiao;Jia, Yuxin;Heal, Robert;Prokchorchik, Maxim;Sindalovskaya, Maria;Olave-Achury, Andrea;Makechemu, Moffat;Fairhead, Sebastian;Noureen, Azka;Heo, Jung;Witek, Kamil;Smoker, Matthew;Taylor, Jodie;Shrestha, Ram-Krishna;Lee, Yoonyoung;Zhang, Chunzhi;Park, Soon Ju;Sohn, Kee Hoon;Huang, Sanwen;Jones, Jonathan D. G.
• 通讯作者: Jones, Jonathan D. G.