BEHAVIORAL CONTROL OF BREATHING

呼吸依赖于脑干神经回路，产生 呼吸节律并通过腹外侧柱将其传递到 脊髓中的运动神经元。这种脑干系统产生了 自动呼吸，即，无需有意识的努力，并且是 对化学和机械刺激的反应，这些刺激发出信号 呼吸动态平衡。除了这种自动/新陈代谢 呼吸系统，有一个自愿/行为系统来控制 说话、屏气等过程中的呼吸肌 自愿呼吸行为。我们实验室的最新结果显示 自愿/行为系统与呼吸细胞相互作用 自动/代谢系统的一部分。猫被训练成停下来 突然灵光乍现，延长以下过期时的音调 听起来像是。脑干呼吸神经元的记录显示，它们的 活动模式类似于行为呼吸反应， 表明自愿/行为系统与 自动/代谢系统，但这些录音没有显示 细胞可能产生缩短的吸气和延长的吸气 过期了。长期的目标是发现神经机制。 自愿/行为性呼吸反应。具体目标是 记录并分析三组呼吸细胞的活动，每组 它们可能在抑制灵感或 呼吸周期从一个阶段切换到另一个阶段--有必要 行为在表现呼吸系统的反应。这些 三组分别为：1)面后区呼气细胞 核，2)气管腹外侧核的吸气细胞 孤立性；3)桥肺跨相细胞。 中间。在这些实验中，猫将被训练成停止灵感 并在铃声响起时延长有效期。三者中的单个神经元 当动物执行这些操作时，将记录指定的组 回应。调节反应的细胞应在 任务。我们的目标是找出抑制灵感和 当动物产生这些行为反应时，延长有效期。

Respiration depends upon brainstem neuronal circuits that produce the respiratory rhythm and relay it, through the ventrolateral columns, to motor neurons in the spinal cord. This brainstem system produces respiration automatically, i.e., without conscious effort, and is responsive to chemical and mechanical stimuli that signal imbalances in respiratory homeostasis. In addition to this automatic/metabolic respiratory system, there is a voluntary/behavioral system that controls the respiratory muscles during speaking, breath holding, and other voluntary respirabory acts. Recent results from our laboratory showed that the voluntary/behavioral system interacts with respiratory cells that are part of the automatic/metabolic system. Cats were trained to halt inspiration abruptly and to prolong the following expiration when a tone sounded. Recordings of brainstem respiratory neurons showed that their activity patterns were analogous to the behavioral respiratory response, indicating there was interaction of the voluntary/behavioral system with the automatic/metabolic system, but these recordings did not show which cells might produce the shortened inspiration and the prolonged expiration. The long-term objective is to discover the neural mechanisms of voluntary/behavioral respiratory responses. The specific aims are to record and analyze the activity of three groups of respiratory cells, each of which may have a role in either the inhibition of inspiration or the switching of the respiratory cycle from one phase to the other--necessary acts in the performance of the behavioral respiratory response. These three groups are: 1) the expiratory cells in the region of the retrofacial nucleus, 2) the inspiratory cells of the ventrolateral nucleus of tractus solitarius, and 3) the phase-spanning cells of the pontine pneumotaxic center. For these experiments, cats will be trained to stop inspiration and prolong expiration when a tone sounds. Single neurons within the three specified groups will be recorded while the animals perform these responses. Cells mediating the response should be activated during the task. Our goal is to identify the cells that inhibit inspiration and prolong expiration when the animals produce these behavioral responses.