BEHAVIORAL CONTROL OF BREATHING

呼吸依赖于脑干神经元回路， 呼吸节律和中继，通过腹外侧柱， 脊髓中的运动神经元 这个脑干系统产生 自动呼吸，即，没有自觉的努力， 对化学和机械刺激做出反应， 呼吸稳态 除了这种自动/代谢 呼吸系统，有一个自愿/行为系统，控制 在说话、屏气等过程中的呼吸肌 自愿呼吸行为。 我们实验室最近的结果表明， 自主/行为系统与呼吸细胞相互作用， 自动代谢系统的一部分。 猫被训练停止 突然吸气并延长随后的呼气， 响起 脑干呼吸神经元的记录显示， 活动模式类似于行为呼吸反应， 这表明志愿/行为系统与 自动/代谢系统，但这些记录并没有显示 细胞可能产生缩短的吸气和延长的吸气。 过期 长期目标是发现神经机制 自主/行为呼吸反应。 具体目标是 记录并分析三组呼吸细胞的活性， 其中可能有一个作用，无论是在抑制吸气或 呼吸周期从一个阶段转换到另一个阶段-必要的 在行为呼吸反应中起作用。 这些 三组是：1）面后区的呼气细胞 2）腹外侧核的吸气细胞 孤束核，和3）跨相细胞的脑桥肺 中心 在这些实验中，猫将被训练停止灵感 并延长呼气时，一个音调的声音。 三个神经元中的单个神经元 在动物执行这些操作时，将记录指定的组 应答 细胞介导的反应应被激活期间， 任务 我们的目标是找出抑制灵感的细胞， 当动物产生这些行为反应时，

Respiration depends upon brainstem neuronal circuits that produce the respiratory rhythm and relay it, through the ventrolateral columns, to motor neurons in the spinal cord. This brainstem system produces respiration automatically, i.e., without conscious effort, and is responsive to chemical and mechanical stimuli that signal imbalances in respiratory homeostasis. In addition to this automatic/metabolic respiratory system, there is a voluntary/behavioral system that controls the respiratory muscles during speaking, breath holding, and other voluntary respirabory acts. Recent results from our laboratory showed that the voluntary/behavioral system interacts with respiratory cells that are part of the automatic/metabolic system. Cats were trained to halt inspiration abruptly and to prolong the following expiration when a tone sounded. Recordings of brainstem respiratory neurons showed that their activity patterns were analogous to the behavioral respiratory response, indicating there was interaction of the voluntary/behavioral system with the automatic/metabolic system, but these recordings did not show which cells might produce the shortened inspiration and the prolonged expiration. The long-term objective is to discover the neural mechanisms of voluntary/behavioral respiratory responses. The specific aims are to record and analyze the activity of three groups of respiratory cells, each of which may have a role in either the inhibition of inspiration or the switching of the respiratory cycle from one phase to the other--necessary acts in the performance of the behavioral respiratory response. These three groups are: 1) the expiratory cells in the region of the retrofacial nucleus, 2) the inspiratory cells of the ventrolateral nucleus of tractus solitarius, and 3) the phase-spanning cells of the pontine pneumotaxic center. For these experiments, cats will be trained to stop inspiration and prolong expiration when a tone sounds. Single neurons within the three specified groups will be recorded while the animals perform these responses. Cells mediating the response should be activated during the task. Our goal is to identify the cells that inhibit inspiration and prolong expiration when the animals produce these behavioral responses.