Re-shaping the Expected Future: Novel Interaction Techniques for Base of the Pyramid Users and Challenges to the Orthodoxy for the Rest of the World.

我们在这项建议中关注的是金字塔底部的用户，即那些在社会经济上处于最不利地位的人。对于这些社区来说，政府和行业经常预示的数字乌托邦面临着一些挑战。这些问题包括技术和文字素养低，缺乏相关、适当的内容，以及缺乏负担得起的高带宽数据连接。随着移动电话的普及，很明显，无论是现在还是将来，这些平台都将成为世界上最贫穷地区这些用户最具影响力的信息通信技术解决方案。可以理解的是，人机交互促进发展（HCI4D）和信息通信技术促进发展（ICTD）的很大一部分工作集中在技术上最低的共同点上——例如智能手机的前身“哑巴手机”和“功能”手机——以尽可能多地接触到人们。相比之下，该提案提出了展望未来的需求，未来将有越来越复杂的设备广泛使用。未来5-10年最有可能出现的情况是，BoP用户将能够使用发达国家用户现在认为理所当然的手机。所谓的“低端智能手机”的可承受性就是这一趋势的例证。GSMA是全球移动服务提供商的行业组织，也是我们在这个项目中的合作伙伴之一。GSMA预测，这一趋势将在全球范围内持续下去，这些设备的零售价已低至30英镑。这些设备配备了丰富的传感器、连接设施和输出通道（从视听到触摸输出）。虽然有很多关于如何使用和扩展这些平台以实现更“自然”的交互（例如，创建移动指向和手势界面）的研究，但这些工作大多是从“第一世界”的角度出发的。也就是说，这些技术的设计是为了适应未来，在资源可用性、文化习俗和文化方面，这与BoP用户的未来是不一致的。我们的目标是利用与防喷器用户以及防喷器终端用户密切相关的组织和个人网络，从根本上创新未来的关键互动机会。这些利益相关者帮助制定了提案，并将成为工作本身不可或缺的一部分。该方案将是全面和综合的，涉及肯尼亚、南非和印度的三个驱动区域，每个区域都允许我们从三个角度考虑需求：城市、郊区和农村。在解决防喷器用户有效交互的紧迫问题时，我们还将在更广泛的发达国家寻求HCI设计的新基础前提。在我们看来，已建立的信息交互技术（如复制/粘贴）源自桌面、文本和知识工作交互框架。移动交互阐明了另一种框架——社会性、个人叙事和高度情境导向的友谊、家庭和社区实践。随着智能手机及其卓越的处理能力的出现，把它们变成迷你个人电脑的诱惑，以及所有与之相匹配的交互原则，导致许多HCI研究人员避免为这些社会实践设计，模糊了移动和个人电脑之间的区别。考虑到大多数使用这些设备的人都生活在以知识工作为规范的文化中，这往往是可以接受的——社交通常是通过绕过设备和“应用程序”来实现的。我们的BoP社区的“生活实验室”，桌面ui的曝光率和适用性非常低，提供了一个令人兴奋的资源，吸引人们关注用户如何通过设备本身寻求适合社交目的的移动设备。这反过来又可以为揭示新的更好的基本和创新的HCI原则提供基础，这些原则可以使这些目标更容易实现。

Our concern in this proposal is for Base of the Pyramid (BoP) users, that is, those who are the most socio-economically disadvantaged. For these communities, there are several challenges to the digital utopia that governments and industry are regularly heralding. These range from low technological and textual literacy, a paucity of relevant, appropriate content, to a lack of affordable, high-bandwidth data connections. With the ubiquity of mobile phones, it is clear that now, and in the future, these platforms will be the most influential ICT solutions for these users in the poorest regions of the world. Understandably, a good proportion of the work in Human Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D) and ICT for Development (ICTD) has focused on the technologically lowest common denominators - for example "dumbphones" and "feature" phones, the precursors to smartphones - to reach as many people as possible. In contrast, this proposal addresses the need to look ahead to a future that promises widespread availability of increasingly sophisticated devices. The most likely future in the next 5-10 years is that BoP users will have access to handsets that developed world users are now taking for granted. This trend is exemplified by the affordability of so-called "low-end smartphones." The GSMA - the global industry body for mobile service providers, one of our partners in this project - predicts that this trend will continue worldwide, with these devices already retailing for as little as £30. These devices are equipped with rich sets of sensors, connectivity facilities and output channels (from audio-visual to touch-output). While there is plentiful research on how to use and extend these platforms for more "natural" interaction (e.g., creating mobile pointing and gestural interfaces), the work has largely been from a "first world" perspective. That is, the techniques have been designed to fit a future, in terms of resource availability, cultural practice and literacy, that is out of joint with that lying ahead for BoP users. Our aim is to radically innovate for key future interaction opportunities, drawing on a network of organisations and individuals deeply connected to BoP users, along with BoP end-users themselves. These stakeholders have helped shape the proposal and will be integral to the work itself. The programme will be comprehensive and integrative, involving three driver regions in Kenya, South Africa and India, each allowing us to consider needs from three perspectives: the urban, sub-urban and rural.In solving pressing problems of effective interaction for BoP users we will also seek new basis premises of HCI design in the wider developed world. In our view, the established information interaction techniques (like copy/paste) derive from desktop, textual and knowledge work framings of interaction. Mobile interaction articulates an alternative framework - sociality, personal narrative and highly context orientated practices of friendship, family and community. With the emergence of smartphones and their remarkable processing powers, the temptation to make them mini-PCs, with all the interaction principles to match, has led many HCI researchers to avoid designing for those social practices, blurring the distinction between the mobile and the PC. Given that most of those who have access to these devices are living in cultures where knowledge work is the norm, this tends to be accepted - sociality is often achieved through by-passing the device and engaging with 'apps.' The "living lab'' of our BoP communities, where exposure to and suitability of desktop UIs is very low, provides an exciting resource that draws attention to how users seek to appropriate mobile devices for social ends in and through the device itself. This in turn can provide the basis for uncovering new better basic and innovative HCI principles that can allow these ends to be more readily achieved.