Re-shaping the Expected Future: Novel Interaction Techniques for Base of the Pyramid Users and Challenges to the Orthodoxy for the Rest of the World.

我们在这项建议中关注的是金字塔基础使用者，即那些在社会经济上处于最不利地位的人。对于这些社区来说，政府和行业经常警告的数字乌托邦面临着几个挑战。这些问题从技术和文本素养低、缺乏相关、适当的内容，到缺乏负担得起的高带宽数据连接。随着移动电话的无处不在，很明显，现在和未来，这些平台将成为对世界上最贫穷地区的这些用户最有影响力的信通技术解决方案。可以理解的是，在人机交互促进发展(HCI4D)和信息和通信技术促进发展(ICTD)方面，很大一部分工作侧重于技术上最低的共同点--例如智能手机的前身--“哑机”和“功能”手机--以接触尽可能多的人。相比之下，这项提议解决了展望未来的需要，因为未来有望广泛获得越来越复杂的设备。未来5至10年，最有可能出现的情况是，国际收支平衡表用户将可以使用发达国家用户如今习以为常的手机。这种趋势的例证是所谓的“低端智能手机”的可负担性。GSMA是全球移动服务提供商的行业组织，也是我们在该项目中的合作伙伴之一。该协会预测，这一趋势将在全球范围内继续下去，这些设备的零售价已经低至GB 30。这些设备配备了丰富的传感器、连接设施和输出通道(从视听到触摸输出)。虽然有大量关于如何使用和扩展这些平台以实现更自然的交互(例如，创建移动指向和手势界面)的研究，但这项工作主要是从“第一世界”的角度出发的。也就是说，这些技术的设计是为了适应未来，在资源可获得性、文化实践和识字方面，这与国际收支平衡表用户面临的未来是格格不入的。我们的目标是为未来的关键互动机会进行根本性的创新，利用与国际收支平衡表用户以及国际收支平衡表最终用户本身密切相关的组织和个人网络。这些利益攸关方帮助形成了提案，并将成为工作本身不可或缺的一部分。该计划将是全面和综合的，涉及肯尼亚、南非和印度的三个驱动地区，每个地区都让我们从三个角度考虑需求：城市、郊区和乡村。在解决国际收支平衡表用户有效互动的紧迫问题时，我们还将在更广泛的发达世界寻找新的人机界面设计基础。在我们看来，已建立的信息交互技术(如复制/粘贴)源于桌面、文本和知识工作交互框架。移动交互阐明了另一种框架--社会性、个人叙事和高度面向上下文的友谊、家庭和社区实践。随着智能手机的出现及其非凡的处理能力，让它们成为迷你PC的诱惑，以及所有与之相匹配的交互原则，导致许多人机交互研究人员避免为这些社会实践而设计，模糊了移动和PC之间的区别。鉴于大多数能够接触到这些设备的人生活在以知识工作为常态的文化中，这一点往往会被接受--社交通常是通过绕过设备、与“应用程序”接触来实现的。在我们的国际收支社区中，人们对桌面用户界面的曝光度和适合性都很低，这为我们提供了一个令人兴奋的资源，它吸引了人们的注意，让人们注意到用户如何寻求将移动设备用于社交目的。这反过来又可以为揭示新的更好的基本和创新的人机界面原则提供基础，这些原则可以更容易地实现这些目标。

Our concern in this proposal is for Base of the Pyramid (BoP) users, that is, those who are the most socio-economically disadvantaged. For these communities, there are several challenges to the digital utopia that governments and industry are regularly heralding. These range from low technological and textual literacy, a paucity of relevant, appropriate content, to a lack of affordable, high-bandwidth data connections. With the ubiquity of mobile phones, it is clear that now, and in the future, these platforms will be the most influential ICT solutions for these users in the poorest regions of the world. Understandably, a good proportion of the work in Human Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D) and ICT for Development (ICTD) has focused on the technologically lowest common denominators - for example "dumbphones" and "feature" phones, the precursors to smartphones - to reach as many people as possible. In contrast, this proposal addresses the need to look ahead to a future that promises widespread availability of increasingly sophisticated devices. The most likely future in the next 5-10 years is that BoP users will have access to handsets that developed world users are now taking for granted. This trend is exemplified by the affordability of so-called "low-end smartphones." The GSMA - the global industry body for mobile service providers, one of our partners in this project - predicts that this trend will continue worldwide, with these devices already retailing for as little as £30. These devices are equipped with rich sets of sensors, connectivity facilities and output channels (from audio-visual to touch-output). While there is plentiful research on how to use and extend these platforms for more "natural" interaction (e.g., creating mobile pointing and gestural interfaces), the work has largely been from a "first world" perspective. That is, the techniques have been designed to fit a future, in terms of resource availability, cultural practice and literacy, that is out of joint with that lying ahead for BoP users. Our aim is to radically innovate for key future interaction opportunities, drawing on a network of organisations and individuals deeply connected to BoP users, along with BoP end-users themselves. These stakeholders have helped shape the proposal and will be integral to the work itself. The programme will be comprehensive and integrative, involving three driver regions in Kenya, South Africa and India, each allowing us to consider needs from three perspectives: the urban, sub-urban and rural.In solving pressing problems of effective interaction for BoP users we will also seek new basis premises of HCI design in the wider developed world. In our view, the established information interaction techniques (like copy/paste) derive from desktop, textual and knowledge work framings of interaction. Mobile interaction articulates an alternative framework - sociality, personal narrative and highly context orientated practices of friendship, family and community. With the emergence of smartphones and their remarkable processing powers, the temptation to make them mini-PCs, with all the interaction principles to match, has led many HCI researchers to avoid designing for those social practices, blurring the distinction between the mobile and the PC. Given that most of those who have access to these devices are living in cultures where knowledge work is the norm, this tends to be accepted - sociality is often achieved through by-passing the device and engaging with 'apps.' The "living lab'' of our BoP communities, where exposure to and suitability of desktop UIs is very low, provides an exciting resource that draws attention to how users seek to appropriate mobile devices for social ends in and through the device itself. This in turn can provide the basis for uncovering new better basic and innovative HCI principles that can allow these ends to be more readily achieved.