SLEEP APNEA IN SEALS: METABOLIC IMPLICATIONS

这项建议概述了对新陈代谢的第一次系统研究 呼吸暂停对一种哺乳动物物种的影响 睡眠时可长时间屏气。这个 北象海豹幼崽经历了缺氧的条件 陆地哺乳动物无法承受的睡眠呼吸暂停。AS 幼海豹和成年海豹能够长时间睡眠 长达30分钟的呼吸暂停。这一发现将使基本的生物学 以及与人类和其他哺乳动物的医学比较 在睡眠中表现出异常的呼吸模式。 初步研究表明，幼年海豹的睡眠呼吸暂停是 一种非稳态状态，在此状态下耐缺氧， 心率变化、血化学变化和底物 使用模式与我们看到的模式有很大不同 在沉睡的陆地哺乳动物中，与那些 在海豹潜水时看到的。这项研究有三个主要目标： 1)睡眠呼吸暂停的基本代谢特征 幼海豹中的一种现象。2)相似之处的阐释 睡眠呼吸暂停低氧耐受性与代谢的关系 屏气潜水时的规则。3)调查结果的应用 睡眠呼吸暂停或低氧耐受性的比较研究 陆生物种的慢性缺氧。 研究将包括：测量血气、心率的变化 以及呼吸暂停时的血液pH值；跟踪血浆的代谢 通过好氧和厌氧途径(葡萄糖， 脂肪酸，乳酸)；检查次黄嘌呤的代谢 作为缺氧的临床标志；跟随血流的变化 模式、红细胞压积调节和外周器官灌注量 功能；检查组织的生化适应 缺氧。关于强迫潜水和自由潜水的类似研究 Seals将提供比较睡眠呼吸暂停和呼吸暂停的数据 在海豹清醒和潜水时体验到的。最后，使用 公认的改善中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停的临床技术 在人类中的模式(例如氧气补充)，努力将是 旨在修改和进一步描述睡眠呼吸暂停模式 海豹突击队。这项提案将允许对睡眠进行基本调查 封口中的呼吸暂停最好用于生物和医疗 比较研究。

This proposal outlines the first systematic study of the metabolic impact of apnea on a mammalian species that routinely withstands long duration breath-holds while sleeping. The northern elephant seal pup experiences hypoxic conditions during sleep apnea that can not be withstood by terrestrial mammals. As pups and adults, these seals are capable of long duration sleep apnea of up to 30 minutes. The findings will allow basic biological and medical comparisons to humans and other mammals that exhibit abnormal respiratory patterns during sleep. Preliminary studies suggest that sleep apnea in the juvenile seal is a non-steady state condition during which hypoxia tolerance, heart rate changes, blood chemistry variations and substrate utilization patterns are significantly different from patterns seen in sleeping terrestrial mammals and remarkably similar to those seen when seals dive. This study has three major objectives: 1) The basic metabolic characterization of the sleep apnea phenomenon in juvenile seals. 2) The elucidation of similarities between hypoxia tolerance during sleep apnea and metabolic regulation during breath-hold diving. 3) Application of the findings to comparative studies of hypoxia tolerance during sleep apnea or chronic hypoxia in terrestrial species. Studies will include: Measuring shifts in blood gases, heart rate and blood pH during apnea; following the metabolism of plasma borne substrates through aerobic and anaerobic pathways (glucose, fatty acids, lactate); examining the metabolism of hypoxanthine as a clinical marker of hypoxia; following changes in blood flow pattern, hematocrit regulation and peripheral organ perfusion and function; examining tissues for biochemical adaptations to hypoxia. Similar studies on both forced and unrestrained diving seals will provide the data for comparing sleep apnea to the apnea experienced while the seal is awake and diving. Finally, using accepted clinical techniques for modifying central sleep apnea patterns in humans (e.g. oxygen supplementation), efforts will be made to modify and further characterize sleep apnea patterns in seals. This proposal will allow this basic investigation of sleep apnea in the seal to best be used for biological and medical comparative studies.