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Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation of Silicon Solar Cells

光和高温引起的硅太阳能电池退化

基本信息

批准号：
EP/T025131/1
负责人：
Matthew Halsall
金额：
$ 79.82万
依托单位：
University of Manchester
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FT025131%2F1
关键词：
Light Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation

项目摘要

The importance and urgency of reducing carbon dioxide emissions has received much publicity. Electricity generation is responsible for 38% of carbon emissions world wide. Of all sources of global warming electricity generation is probably, technologically, the most easily replaced by carbon free sources. Electricity from sunlight using the photo-voltaic effect, which we will refer to as solar PV, was very much a niche application as little as 15 years ago. However in the last decade silicon solar PV technology has developed with astonishing speed so that today it is the cheapest form of electricity generation in most countries within 45 degrees of the equator. Equally importantly the cost of manufacture is decreasing by 24% for each doubling of production volume, much faster than most products. At the moment Solar PV provides only 2.6% of the world's electricity (in kWh) although a higher percentage in some countries (eg 7.9% in Germany, 5.4% in India). There are a number of factors which delay the take up of this technology. The biggest difficulty is intermittency in countries like the UK where peak load does not match peak solar output necessitating pumped storage hydro or other rapid start up generation which adds to the cost. In tropical and sub-tropical countries solar generation matches the load much better and it is these countries in which electricity demand is increasing most rapidly. However in general there is a reluctance to invest in Solar which in part is due to Solar being regarded as an unproven technology and questions regarding long term reliability of a capital intensive system with a costing based on a projected life of >25 years. It is well known that silicon solar cells degrade. There are two commercially important mechanisms. One is due to a reaction involving boron and oxygen which happens very quickly reducing the efficiency by ~2% in the first 24 hours of operation. This is well enough understood for specialists to be on the way to developing ways of minimising the effect and demonstrating stability. The other mechanism is called "light and elevated temperature degradation" (LeTID). It takes months or sometimes years to produce a degradation of between 2 and 5%. The higher the light intensity and the higher the temperature the faster the degradation although there are large variations between different materials and solar cell designs which are not at all understood despite much behavioural data.The aims of this project are to develop a fundamental understanding of the degradation mechanism, to test proposed methodologies for reducing or eliminating LeTID and to use our understanding of the degradation mechanisms involved to develop meaningful accelerated life tests. Experimental work will be done in Manchester using test devices fabricated by us in Manchester and by the University of New South Wales (Australia). The prime techniques used will be optical, chemical and electrical measurements in Manchester and the Australian National University (Canberra) supported by modelling work at the University of Aveiro (Portugal). These will include lifetime spectroscopy, Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy and variants, admittance spectroscopy, low temperature photo-luminescence, time resolved photo-luminescence, Raman spectroscopy, hydrogen measurements and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy. Materials and devices samples will be supplied by two manufactures active in the silicon solar field.

减少二氧化碳排放的重要性和紧迫性已得到广泛宣传。发电占全球碳排放量的38%。在全球变暖的所有来源中，发电可能是技术上最容易被无碳能源取代的。利用光伏效应从太阳光中发电，我们称之为太阳能光伏发电，早在15年前就已经是一种利基应用。然而，在过去的十年中，硅太阳能光伏技术以惊人的速度发展，今天它是赤道45度以内大多数国家最便宜的发电形式。同样重要的是，产量每增加一倍，制造成本就会下降24%，比大多数产品都要快。目前，太阳能光伏发电仅占世界电力的2.6%（以千瓦时计），尽管在某些国家（例如德国为7.9%，印度为5.4%）这一比例更高。有许多因素推迟了这项技术的采用。最大的困难是在英国等国家的不稳定性，在这些国家，峰值负荷与峰值太阳能输出不匹配，需要抽水蓄能水电或其他快速启动发电，这增加了成本。在热带和亚热带国家，太阳能发电与负荷的匹配要好得多，正是这些国家的电力需求增长最快。然而，总的来说，人们不愿意投资太阳能，部分原因是太阳能被认为是一种未经证实的技术，以及关于资本密集型系统的长期可靠性的问题，其成本基于>25年的预计寿命。众所周知，硅太阳能电池会退化。有两个商业上重要的机制。一种是由于硼和氧的反应，这种反应发生得非常快，在操作的前24小时内将效率降低约2%。这一点对于专家们来说已经足够好了，他们正在开发最小化影响和证明稳定性的方法。另一种机制被称为“光和高温降解”（LeTID）。它需要几个月甚至几年的时间来产生2%到5%的降解。光强度越高，温度越高，降解速度越快，尽管不同材料和太阳能电池设计之间存在很大差异，尽管有很多行为数据，但根本不了解这些差异。本项目的目的是对降解机制有一个基本的了解，测试减少或消除LeTID的拟议方法，并利用我们对所涉及的退化机制的理解来开发有意义的加速寿命测试。实验工作将在曼彻斯特进行，使用我们在曼彻斯特和新南威尔士大学（澳大利亚）制造的测试设备。所使用的主要技术将是曼彻斯特和澳大利亚国立大学（堪培拉）的光学、化学和电学测量，并得到阿韦罗大学（葡萄牙）建模工作的支持。这些将包括寿命光谱、深能级瞬态光谱及其变体、导纳光谱、低温光致发光、时间分辨光致发光、拉曼光谱、氢测量和二次离子质谱。材料和设备样品将由两家活跃在硅太阳能领域的制造商提供。