Cross Disciplinary Thinking about 'Antisocial Personality Disorder'.

这个系列讲座旨在促进人们对生活和人际关系中出现重大问题的人所面临的困难的思考和提供新的视角，这些人有时被诊断为“人格障碍”。在最极端的情况下，这些困难涉及高水平的犯罪和暴力。200多年来，人们一直在努力诊断这些人，好像他们患有精神障碍。人们用各种各样的标签来描述这种疾病——例如“道德错乱”、“反社会”、“精神病”和人格障碍；近年来最受关注的是那些据说患有“反社会人格障碍”（ASPD）的人。这个问题在20世纪90年代末开始受到政府的极大关注，当时的工党政府非常关注迈克尔·斯通（Michael Stone）的案件，他在1997年被判谋杀林和梅根·罗素（Megan Russell）。斯通的精神科医生在谋杀发生前18个月建议他从精神病院出院，因为尽管他们认为斯通精神不正常、危险，但他们认为斯通患有“反社会人格障碍”，他们认为这在医院是无法治疗的。政府提出了一系列倡议，旨在鼓励国民保健服务处理和治疗那些被贴上“人格障碍”标签的问题。他们还发起了一个资金充足的项目，名为“危险和严重人格障碍项目”，旨在治疗那些被认为患有这种障碍的严重罪犯。研究表明，这些项目并不是很成功。不过，已经计划了进一步的主动行动。我们认为，虽然了解这些人的心理是有益的，但对这些困难的个人性质的关注过于狭隘，对产生和维持这些问题的社会和文化背景的关注太少，是有危险的。该系列研讨会将汇集多个学科的观点，以及代表卫生和福利服务不同方面的专业人士，以及直接经历过这些困难的服务使用者。第一年将以一个侧重于历史视角的活动开始。这一点很重要，因为尽管这种诊断至少有200年的历史；这段历史并不总是被很好地理解，而且存在着没有利用这段历史教训的危险。我们还将举办一个研讨会，探讨从确诊患者自身的经历以及直接与确诊患者打交道的人身上可以学到什么。另一个研讨会将从哲学角度探讨这些困难的本质。这种诊断一直受到法律争议，因为它们提出了关于个人责任性质的问题。第二年的中心活动将是研究这些问题在不同类型的媒体（从电影、艺术、小说到新闻媒体）中表现方式的影响和含义。我们认为，媒体表征是构建我们对这些问题理解的一个重要因素。我们还将看看“人格障碍”的概念在高度紧张的公众辩论中是多么有用，一方面是那些长期依赖利益的人的世界，另一方面是企业贪婪的世界。前两年的跨学科思想将流入最后一年的事件，这些事件将被用来理解并指出解决具体困难的办法，例如男性和女性对暴力的不同关系以及“仇恨犯罪和恐怖”和“校园枪击”等具体问题。

This seminar series is designed to promote thought and provide new perspectives on the difficulties posed by people who have major problems in their lives and their relationships - who are sometimes given the diagnosis of 'personality disorder'. At their most extreme these difficulties involve high levels of criminal offending and violence. For over 200 hundred years efforts have been made to diagnose these individuals as though they suffer from a mental disorder. Various labels have been used to describe this disorder - for example 'moral insanity', 'sociopathy', 'psychopathy' and personality disorder; with most concern in recent years being addressed to those said to suffer from 'Antisocial Personality Disorder' (ASPD). This issue began to receive a great deal of Government attention in the late 1990s, when the then Labour Government became very concerned by the case of Michael Stone who was convicted of the murder of Lin and Megan Russell in 1997. Stone's psychiatrists had recommended his discharge from a psychiatric hospital some 18 months before the murders because, although they viewed him as disturbed and dangerous, they felt that he suffered from 'ASPD' which they believed could not be treated in hospital. The Government proposed a series of initiatives that were aimed at encouraging the NHS to engage with and treat problems that were attracting the label of 'personality disorder'. They also initiated a well funded programme called the 'Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder Programme' that aimed to treat serious offenders who were seen as suffering from this disorder. Research has suggested that these programmes have not been very successful. Nevertheless further initiatives have been planned. We believe that although there is benefit in understanding the psychology of such individuals there is a danger of too narrow a focus on the individual nature of these difficulties and of too little attention being paid to the social and cultural contexts that produce and sustain these problems. This seminar series will bring together perspectives from a range of academic disciplines along with professionals representing different aspects of the health and welfare services, and with service users who had direct experience of living with these difficulties. The first year will start with an event that focuses on historical perspectives. This is important as although the diagnosis has a substantial history going back at least 200 hundred years; that history is not always well understood and there is a danger that the lessons of that history are not utilized. We will also hold a seminar that looks at what can be learned from people's own experiences of having the diagnosis themselves and from those who work directly with people who have had that diagnosis. Another seminar will examine philosophical perspectives on the nature of these difficulties. Such diagnoses have consistently been subject to legal controversy as they raise questions as to the nature of individual responsibility. The central event of the second year will be one that examines the impact and implications of the way that these kind of problems have been represented in different kinds of media (from film, art, fiction to the news media). We suggest that media representations have been an important factor in constructing our understanding of these problems. We will also look at how useful concepts of 'personality disorder' are within the highly charged public debates about, on the one hand, the world of those who are dependent upon long term on benefits and on the other in the world of corporate greed. Cross disciplinary ideas from the first two years will flow into the events of the final year that will be used to understand and point towards solutions to specific difficulties such as the rather different relationships that men and women have towards violence and the specific issues of 'hate crimes and terror' and 'school shootings'.