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Intergenerational income mobility: Gender, Partnerships and Poverty in the UK

代际收入流动性：英国的性别、伙伴关系和贫困

基本信息

批准号：
ES/P007899/1
负责人：
Lindsey Macmillan
金额：
$ 41.47万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FP007899%2F1
关键词：
Intergenerational income mobility Gender Partnerships

项目摘要

This important new work looks to fill an 'evidence deficit' within the literature on intergenerational economic mobility by investigating intergenerational income mobility for two groups who are often overlooked in existing research: women and the poorest in society. To do this, the research will make two methodological advancements to previous work: First, moving to focus on the family unit in the second generation and total family resources rather than individual labour market earnings and second, looking across adulthood to observe partnership, fertility and poverty dynamics rather than a point-in-time static view of these important factors. Specifically it will ask four research questions:1) What is the relationship between family incomes of parents in childhood and family incomes of daughters throughout adulthood? The majority of previous studies of intergenerational income mobility have focused on the relationship between parents' income in childhood and sons' prime-age labour market earnings. Women have therefore been consistently disregarded due to difficulties observing prime-age labour market earnings for women. This is because women often exit the labour market for fertility reasons, and the timing of this exit and the duration of the spell out of the labour market are related to both parental childhood income and current labour market earnings. This means that previous studies that have focused on employed women only are not representative of the entire population of women. By combining our two advancements, considering total family income and looking across adulthood for women, we can minimise these issues. The life course approach enables us to observe average resources across a long window of time, dealing with issues of temporary labour market withdrawal, while the use of total family income gives the most complete picture of resources available to the family unit including partner's earnings and income from other sources, including benefits. 2) What role do partnerships and assortative mating play in this process across the life course?The shift to focusing on the whole family unit emphasises the importance of partnerships including when they occur and breakdown and who people partner with in terms of education and current labour market earnings. Previous research on intergenerational income mobility in the UK has suggested an important role for who people partner with but has been limited to only focusing on those in partnerships. This work will advance our understanding of partnership dynamics by looking across adulthood at both those in partnerships and at the importance of family breakdown and lone parenthood in this relationship. 3) What is the extent of intergenerational poverty in the UK, and does this persist through adulthood? The previous focus on individuals' labour market earnings has often neglected to consider intergenerational income mobility for the poorest in society: those without labour market earnings for lengthy periods of time who rely on other income from transfers and benefits. The shift in focus to total family resources and the life course approach will allow us to assess whether those who grew up in poor households are more likely to experience persistent poverty themselves in adulthood. 4) What is the role of early skills, education and labour market experiences, including job tenure and progression, in driving these newly estimated relationships? Finally our proposed work will consider the potential mechanisms for these new estimates of intergenerational income mobility for women and the poorest in society for the first time and expand our understanding of potential mechanisms for men. While our previous work showed the importance of early skills and education in transmitting inequality across generations for males, this new work will also consider the role of labour market experiences including job tenure and promotions as part of the process.

这项重要的新工作旨在通过调查两个在现有研究中经常被忽视的群体的代际收入流动性来填补代际经济流动性文献中的“证据不足”：妇女和社会上最贫困的人。为此，这项研究将在方法上对以前的工作作出两个改进：第一，将重点放在第二代家庭单位和家庭总资源上，而不是个人劳动力市场收入上;第二，着眼于整个成年期，观察伙伴关系、生育率和贫穷动态，而不是对这些重要因素的时间点静态看法。具体来说，它将提出四个研究问题：1）童年时期父母的家庭收入与女儿成年后的家庭收入之间的关系是什么？此前大多数关于代际收入流动性的研究都集中在父母童年时期的收入与儿子黄金年龄劳动力市场收入之间的关系上。因此，由于难以观察到妇女在黄金年龄劳动力市场的收入，妇女一直被忽视。这是因为妇女往往因生育原因退出劳动力市场，而退出劳动力市场的时间和持续时间与父母童年收入和当前劳动力市场收入有关。这意味着，以前只关注就业妇女的研究并不能代表整个妇女人口。通过结合我们的两个进步，考虑家庭总收入和女性成年期的情况，我们可以最大限度地减少这些问题。生命过程方法使我们能够观察一个长时间窗口内的平均资源，处理暂时退出劳动力市场的问题，而使用家庭总收入则最完整地反映了家庭单位可利用的资源，包括伴侣的收入和其他来源的收入，包括福利。2)在整个生命过程中，伙伴关系和自愿交配在这个过程中扮演什么角色？向注重整个家庭单位的转变强调了伙伴关系的重要性，包括伙伴关系何时发生和破裂，以及人们在教育和当前劳动力市场收入方面与谁合作。以前对英国代际收入流动性的研究表明，人们与谁合作具有重要作用，但仅限于关注那些合作伙伴。这项工作将促进我们对伙伴关系动态的理解，通过观察成年期的伙伴关系以及家庭破裂和单亲在这种关系中的重要性。3)英国代际贫困的程度如何，这种情况是否会持续到成年？以前注重个人的劳动力市场收入，往往忽视了考虑社会最贫穷者的代际收入流动性：那些长期没有劳动力市场收入，依靠转移支付和福利获得其他收入的人。将重点转向家庭总资源和生命过程方法，将使我们能够评估那些在贫困家庭中长大的人是否更有可能在成年后经历持续的贫困。4)早期技能、教育和劳动力市场经验，包括工作任期和进展，在推动这些新估计的关系方面发挥了什么作用？最后，我们拟议的工作将首次考虑对女性和社会最贫困人群代际收入流动性进行新估计的潜在机制，并扩大我们对男性潜在机制的理解。虽然我们以前的工作表明早期技能和教育在传递男性代际不平等方面的重要性，但这项新工作还将考虑劳动力市场经验的作用，包括工作任期和晋升，作为这一过程的一部分。