PARENTING AND INFANT ACTIVITY--A MULTICULTURE PERSPECTIVE

婴儿期和幼儿期的经历是 承认影响社会进程和结果， 儿童时期的智力发展，他们被认为是一些 文化的独特性。更具体地说，跨文化 历史上的发展研究表明， 抚养孩子的方式通常会对孩子以后的生活产生影响 认知表现和人际行为。家 环境被认为反映了更大的文化价值观，信仰， 和习俗，许多社会理论家认为， 一般家庭，特别是母婴关系， 对个人的发展至关重要， 文化的组织。因此，调查人员 经常研究的婴儿期和母婴互动， 试图解决有关起源和发展的问题， 文化认同当然，每一个社会都发展出 育儿根据自己的特殊要求进行调整。例如， 人们普遍认为日本人和美国人在突出的方面存在差异， 他们的心理构成，以及某些社会和 这两种文化成员之间的智力差异 在生命的早期出现。关于婴儿本性的研究 以色列基布兹的发展决定了许多决定性的 婴儿护理方面-特别是婴儿 与典型的美国人的经历截然不同。 当代的法国、意大利和美国在这方面比较相似， 从工业水平、教育程度和生活水平来看， 标准，但这些社会在历史上有很大的不同， 社会学和文化。文化内比较同样 重要的跨文化的：发展研究， 比利时提供了如何在比利时长大的问题的答案 单语与双语环境影响认知， 沟通和社会情感发展。阿根廷 对比中产阶级与极差的饲养条件，所有在 一个几乎未被研究过的南美环境什么不同 存在于养育和婴儿活动中， 这个项目的一个中心目的是找出 以及阿根廷，比利时， 法国、以色列、意大利、日本、肯尼亚和美国 孩子

Experiences in infancy and early childhood are acknowledged to affect the course and outcome of social and mental development in childhood, and they are credited for some of the distinctiveness of culture. More specifically, cross-cultural developmental studies have historically shown that variations in childrearing styles typically have implications for children=s later cognitive performance and interpersonal behavior. Home environments are thought to reflect larger cultural values, beliefs, and customs, and many social theorists have contended that the family generally, and the mother-infant relationship specifically, may be vital to development of the individual and basic to the organization of the culture. As a result, investigators have frequently studied infancy and mother-infant interactions in attempts to address questions about the origins and development of cultural identity. Of course, each society has evolved patterns of childrearing adjusted to its own special demands. For example, it is widely held that Japanese and Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups and that certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures arise early in life. Previous study on the nature of infant development in Israeli kibbutzim determined that many decisive aspects of infant care -- particularly the close ties between infant and mother -- vary markedly from the typical American experience. Contemporary France, Italy, and America are relatively similar in terms of industrial level, educational attainment, and living standards, yet these societies differ considerably in terms of history, sociology, and culture. Within-culture comparisons are equally important to cross-cultural ones: Studies of development in Belgium offer answers to the question of how being reared in monolingual versus bilingual environments affects cognition, communication, and socioemotional development. Argentina contrasts middle-class with extremely poor rearing conditions, all in a South American setting virtually unresearched. What differences exist in parenting and in infant activity within and across these cultures' A central purpose of this project is to identify similarities and differences in the childcaring ecologies of Argentine, Belgian, French, Israeli, Italian, Japanese, Kenyan, and U.S. American children.