Flow and fragmentation of melts and magmas: developing a unified view through experimental, numerical and field investigations.

熔体和岩浆的流动和破碎：通过实验、数值和现场研究形成统一的观点。

• 批准号: MR/W009781/1
• 负责人: Thomas Jones
• 金额: $ 169.92万
• 依托单位: Lancaster University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FW009781%2F1
• 关键词: Flow; fragmentation; melts; magmas; developing

Ten percent of the world's population (i.e. 100s of millions) live within 100 km of an active volcano. Furthermore, this number is set to rise with the increasing global population and growing demand for natural resources. When volcanoes erupt, they can behave effusively, explosively, or in a combination of both. Effusive activity produces lava flows and toxic gases, whereas explosive activity involves the breakage (fragmentation) of magma, dispersing molten droplets and, when the fragmentation is efficient, lethal ash clouds/flows that can travel several kilometres. Thus, the eruption style (effusive vs. explosive) directly controls the type, spatial footprint and magnitude of the hazard and therefore risk to populations. Thus, establishing the style of activity is of utmost importance to civil protection and hazard mitigation worldwide. Understanding eruption styles, particularly their transitions, ultimately allows us to predict eruption behaviour, perform accurate hazard assessments, protect local communities and better understand resultant deposits that can be of econnomic value.To determine the eruptive style of any volcano, we need to know how and when the magma breaks. There is a well-established theory for understanding the breakage of thick (high viscosity) magma, but this knowledge cannot be applied to runny (low viscosity) magmas. We do not currently understand how low viscosity magmas break and therefore cannot predict eruption style and accurately inform civil protection and hazard mitigation. This knowledge gap is particularly significant because the eruption of low viscosity magmas is the most frequent and volumetrically abundant form of volcanism on Earth, and on other planets. In this Future Leaders Fellowship, I will lead a team to fill this gap and provide the first quantification of how runny (low viscosity) magmas containing bubbles and/or crystals break. This key information, currently missing, will ultimately enable us to predict whether a volcano will erupt explosively or effusively. This goal will be achieved through a multidisciplinary and multicomponent approach, combining world-unique experiments developed in my lab, numerical modelling, field studies and novel community engagement methods. Scaled novel laboratory experiments will pull apart pure liquids (analogue melts) and mixtures of liquid, bubbles and/or particles (analogue magmas) at conditions relevant to natural volcanic eruptions. High-speed filming will record the stretching process and identify if, and how the liquid breaks. This will enable me to 'map out' the eruption conditions that lead to magma flow (effusive) or fragmentation (explosive). This 'behaviour map' will be the first of its kind that can be applied to bubble- and crystal-bearing magmas worldwide. Synthesis of these new experimental results with magma flow physics will allow me to produce a numerical model that will be able to forecast eruption style (effusive vs. explosive). Throughout the research, these outputs will be designed with volcano observatories to best support their operational use.To enhance the impact and reach of my work, I will deploy field techniques at Tseax volcano, British Columbia, Canada. Tseax is ~320 years old and represents the deadliest eruption in Canadian history, having resulted in the deaths of up to 2000 people and destroyed at least three Nisga'a First Nation villages. The volcano erupted low viscosity magma and crossed the explosive-effusive transition multiple times. Integration of field studies with the experimental results will uncover what caused the fatal explosive-effusive transitions. Bilateral exchange with the Nisga'a First Nation will integrate oral stories with scientific research to produce outreach materials that enthuse, engage and develop resilience in the community. My aim is that my novel approach could be used as a model to support other (Indigenous) communities affected by natural hazards worldwide.

世界人口的百分之十（即数以亿计）生活在离活火山100公里的范围内。此外，随着全球人口的增加和对自然资源需求的不断增长，这一数字必将上升。当火山爆发时，它们可以表现为热情洋溢，爆炸性，或两者兼而有之。喷发活动产生熔岩流和有毒气体，而爆炸活动涉及岩浆的破裂（碎裂），分散熔融液滴，并且在碎裂有效时，致命的灰云/流可以传播几公里。因此，火山喷发的类型（喷发式还是爆炸式）直接控制着灾害的类型、空间足迹和规模，从而控制着对人口的风险。因此，确立活动方式对全世界的民事保护和减灾至关重要。了解火山爆发的类型，特别是它们的转变，最终使我们能够预测火山爆发的行为，进行准确的危险评估，保护当地社区，并更好地了解可能具有经济价值的沉积物。为了确定任何火山的爆发类型，我们需要知道岩浆如何以及何时破裂。有一个完善的理论来理解厚（高粘度）岩浆的破裂，但这一知识不能应用于流动（低粘度）岩浆。我们目前还不了解低粘度岩浆是如何破裂的，因此无法预测喷发方式，也无法准确地为民用保护和减灾提供信息。这种知识差距尤其重要，因为低粘度岩浆的喷发是地球和其他行星上最频繁和体积最丰富的火山活动形式。在这个未来领袖奖学金，我将带领一个团队来填补这一空白，并提供如何流动（低粘度）含有气泡和/或晶体的岩浆破碎的第一个量化。这些关键信息，目前缺失，最终将使我们能够预测火山是否会爆发或喷发。这一目标将通过多学科和多成分的方法来实现，结合我的实验室开发的世界独特的实验，数值建模，实地研究和新颖的社区参与方法。规模新颖的实验室实验将在与自然火山爆发有关的条件下分离纯液体（模拟熔体）和液体、气泡和/或颗粒的混合物（模拟岩浆）。高速摄影将记录拉伸过程，并确定液体是否以及如何破裂。这将使我能够“绘制出”导致岩浆流动（喷涌）或碎裂（爆炸）的喷发条件。这张“行为图”将是第一张可以应用于全球含气泡和晶体岩浆的地图。综合这些新的实验结果与岩浆流动物理学将使我能够产生一个数值模型，将能够预测喷发风格（涌出与爆炸）。在整个研究过程中，这些产出将与火山观测站一起设计，以最好地支持其业务使用。为了提高我的工作的影响和范围，我将在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的Tseax火山部署现场技术。Tseax有320年的历史，是加拿大历史上最致命的火山爆发，导致多达2000人死亡，并摧毁了至少三个Nisga 'a第一民族村庄。火山喷发低粘度岩浆，并多次跨越爆发-喷出转变。结合现场研究和实验结果，将揭示是什么导致了致命的爆炸-溢出转换。与尼斯加第一民族的双边交流将把口头故事与科学研究结合起来，以制作宣传材料，激发社区的热情，使其参与并发展社区的复原力。我的目标是，我的新方法可以作为一种模式，以支持世界各地受自然灾害影响的其他（土著）社区。

项目成果

The evolution of Martian fissure eruptions and their plumbing systems

火星裂缝喷发及其管道系统的演化

• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118382
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: Pieterek B

Transport and eruption of mantle xenoliths creates a lagging problem

地幔捕虏体的运输和喷发造成了滞后问题

• DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00843-0
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Communications Earth & Environment
• 影响因子: 7.9
• 作者: Russell J