Flow and fragmentation of melts and magmas: developing a unified view through experimental, numerical and field investigations.

熔体和岩浆的流动和破碎：通过实验、数值和现场研究形成统一的观点。

• 批准号: MR/W009781/1
• 负责人: Thomas Jones
• 金额: $ 169.92万
• 依托单位: Lancaster University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FW009781%2F1
• 关键词: Flow; fragmentation; melts; magmas; developing

Ten percent of the world's population (i.e. 100s of millions) live within 100 km of an active volcano. Furthermore, this number is set to rise with the increasing global population and growing demand for natural resources. When volcanoes erupt, they can behave effusively, explosively, or in a combination of both. Effusive activity produces lava flows and toxic gases, whereas explosive activity involves the breakage (fragmentation) of magma, dispersing molten droplets and, when the fragmentation is efficient, lethal ash clouds/flows that can travel several kilometres. Thus, the eruption style (effusive vs. explosive) directly controls the type, spatial footprint and magnitude of the hazard and therefore risk to populations. Thus, establishing the style of activity is of utmost importance to civil protection and hazard mitigation worldwide. Understanding eruption styles, particularly their transitions, ultimately allows us to predict eruption behaviour, perform accurate hazard assessments, protect local communities and better understand resultant deposits that can be of econnomic value.To determine the eruptive style of any volcano, we need to know how and when the magma breaks. There is a well-established theory for understanding the breakage of thick (high viscosity) magma, but this knowledge cannot be applied to runny (low viscosity) magmas. We do not currently understand how low viscosity magmas break and therefore cannot predict eruption style and accurately inform civil protection and hazard mitigation. This knowledge gap is particularly significant because the eruption of low viscosity magmas is the most frequent and volumetrically abundant form of volcanism on Earth, and on other planets. In this Future Leaders Fellowship, I will lead a team to fill this gap and provide the first quantification of how runny (low viscosity) magmas containing bubbles and/or crystals break. This key information, currently missing, will ultimately enable us to predict whether a volcano will erupt explosively or effusively. This goal will be achieved through a multidisciplinary and multicomponent approach, combining world-unique experiments developed in my lab, numerical modelling, field studies and novel community engagement methods. Scaled novel laboratory experiments will pull apart pure liquids (analogue melts) and mixtures of liquid, bubbles and/or particles (analogue magmas) at conditions relevant to natural volcanic eruptions. High-speed filming will record the stretching process and identify if, and how the liquid breaks. This will enable me to 'map out' the eruption conditions that lead to magma flow (effusive) or fragmentation (explosive). This 'behaviour map' will be the first of its kind that can be applied to bubble- and crystal-bearing magmas worldwide. Synthesis of these new experimental results with magma flow physics will allow me to produce a numerical model that will be able to forecast eruption style (effusive vs. explosive). Throughout the research, these outputs will be designed with volcano observatories to best support their operational use.To enhance the impact and reach of my work, I will deploy field techniques at Tseax volcano, British Columbia, Canada. Tseax is ~320 years old and represents the deadliest eruption in Canadian history, having resulted in the deaths of up to 2000 people and destroyed at least three Nisga'a First Nation villages. The volcano erupted low viscosity magma and crossed the explosive-effusive transition multiple times. Integration of field studies with the experimental results will uncover what caused the fatal explosive-effusive transitions. Bilateral exchange with the Nisga'a First Nation will integrate oral stories with scientific research to produce outreach materials that enthuse, engage and develop resilience in the community. My aim is that my novel approach could be used as a model to support other (Indigenous) communities affected by natural hazards worldwide.

世界人口中有百分之十（即100千万）居住在活火山的100公里以内。此外，随着全球人口的增加和对自然资源需求的增长，这个数字将增加。当火山爆发时，它们的行为可能是态度，爆炸性或两者的结合。激烈的活性会产生熔岩流和有毒气体，而爆炸活性涉及岩浆的破裂（碎片化），分散熔融液滴，当碎裂有效时，可以传播几公里的致命灰云/流量。因此，喷发样式（爆炸性与爆炸性）直接控制着危险的类型，空间足迹和大小，因此对种群的风险。因此，建立活动风格对于全球民用保护和缓解危害至关重要。了解喷发样式，尤其是它们的过渡，最终使我们能够预测喷发行为，进行准确的危险评估，保护当地社区并更好地理解可能具有生态词值的矿床。要确定任何火山的喷发风格，我们需要知道岩浆如何以及何时破裂。有一个完善的理论，可以理解厚（高粘度）岩浆的破裂，但是这些知识不能应用于流鼻涕（低粘度）岩浆。我们目前不了解粘度岩浆的突破程度如何，因此无法预测喷发风格，并准确地为民用保护和危害提供了减轻危险。这种知识差距尤其显着，因为低粘度岩浆的喷发是地球上和其他行星上最常见，最丰富的火山主义形式。在这个未来的领导者奖学金中，我将带领一个团队填补这一空白，并首先量化了流淌（低粘度）岩浆包含气泡和/或晶体破裂的方式。目前缺少的这些关键信息最终将使我们能够预测火山是否会爆炸或嗜好。将通过多学科和多组分方法来实现此目标，结合了我的实验室，数值建模，现场研究和新型社区参与方法中的世界唯一实验。缩放的新型实验室实验将在与自然火山喷发相关的条件下拉出液体，气泡和/或颗粒（模拟岩浆）的混合物。高速拍摄将记录拉伸过程，并确定液体是否断裂以及如何断裂。这将使我能够“绘制”导致岩浆流（易于爆发）或碎片（爆炸性）的喷发条件。该“行为图”将是可以应用于全球泡泡和晶体岩浆的第一个。这些新的实验结果与岩浆流体物理学的合成将使我能够产生一个能够预测喷发样式的数值模型（受到爆发与爆炸性）。在整个研究中，这些输出将采用火山观测器设计，以最好地支持其运营用途。为了增强我的工作影响和影响力，我将在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省TSEAX火山部署现场技术。 Tseax已有320年的历史，代表了加拿大历史上最致命的爆发，导致了多达2000人的死亡，并摧毁了至少三个Nisga'a第一民族村庄。该火山爆发了低粘度岩浆，并多次越过爆炸性的提醒过渡。将现场研究与实验结果的整合将发现是什么原因导致致命的爆炸性作用过渡。与Nisga'A第一民族的双边交流将与科学研究相结合，以生产激发，参与和发展社区的韧性的外展材料。我的目的是，我的新颖方法可以用作支持全球自然危害影响的其他（土著）社区的模型。

项目成果

The evolution of Martian fissure eruptions and their plumbing systems

火星裂缝喷发及其管道系统的演化

• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118382
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: Pieterek B

Transport and eruption of mantle xenoliths creates a lagging problem

地幔捕虏体的运输和喷发造成了滞后问题

• DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00843-0
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Communications Earth & Environment
• 影响因子: 7.9
• 作者: Russell J