VESTIBULAR REGULATION OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE ACTIVITY

描述：我们之前的工作已经证明，前庭系统 对减少呼吸的肌肉有很强的影响，包括 横隔肌、腹肌(主要的呼气肌)和腹肌 调节上呼吸道阻力。所有的呼吸道 到目前为止所考察的外流是受螺距旋转影响最大的 激活耳石器官，鼻子向上倾斜增加呼吸 肌肉活动。四足动物的鼻子向上倾斜也会挑战呼吸， 这表明前庭-呼吸反射对维持 在体位变化时保持稳定的通风。据推测，中国的赤字 前庭-呼吸反应会导致血液氧合不稳定 在姿势改变期间，如在医学条件下发生的，如梗阻 睡眠呼吸暂停。我们的工作还表明，除了脑干神经元外， 那些产生呼吸周期的人将前庭信号传递给 呼吸性运动神经元。通过这种方式，前庭-呼吸反射 类似于呕吐，也涉及呼吸肌收缩 这部分是由主要脑干呼吸系统外的神经元引起的 组。一个共同的脑干神经元池可能会调节这两种反应。 这项续期申请的目的分为两组。在前两个 目的，我们将进一步刻画前庭呼吸的特性 去大脑动物和清醒动物的反射，以提供更好的 对这些反应的生理意义的认识。我们会 检查颈部和前庭感受器的输入是如何通过 呼吸途径，并将检验这一假设 清醒动物的前庭-呼吸反射也有类似的特征 就像去大脑的准备工作一样。在第二组具体目标中，我们 将决定将前庭信号传递到 呼吸性运动神经元。我们将使用神经解剖学技术 确定主要呼吸系统群外神经元的位置 该项目将投射到呼吸运动神经元，并分析 这些神经元对前庭有刺激作用。 关于前庭对呼吸肌影响的知识将被 与其他前庭脊髓反射的现有信息相比， 这可能导致对前庭信号在运动中的作用的新的见解 控制力。此外，这些实验将揭示可能的医学 前庭呼吸反射不足的后果，并将 提供对治疗这些疾病很重要的证据 条件。因此，拟议的实验既具有科学性，又具有 潜在的临床价值。

DESCRIPTION: Our previous work has demonstrated that the vestibular system has strong influences on muscles that reduce respiration, including the diaphragm, abdominal muscles (the major expiratory muscles), and muscles at regulate the resistance of the upper airway. All of the respiratory outflows examined so far are most powerfully influenced by pitch rotations that activate otolith organs, with nose-up tilt increasing respiratory muscle activity. Nose-up tilt in quadrupeds also challenges breathing, suggesting that vestibulo-respiratory reflexes are important for maintaining stable ventilation during changes in posture. Presumably, deficits in vestibulo-respiratory responses would lead to unstable blood oxygenation during postural changes, as occurs in medical conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea. Our work has also shown that brainstem neurons in addition to those that generate the respiratory cycle relay vestibular signals to respiratory motoneurons. In this way, vestibulo-respiratory reflexes are similar to vomiting, which also involves contraction of respiratory muscles that is elicited in part by neurons outside the major brainstem respiratory groups. A common pool of brainstem neurons may mediate both responses. The aims of this renewal application fall into two groups. In the first two aims, we will further characterize the properties of vestibulo-respiratory reflexes in both decerebrate and awake animals, to provide a better appreciation of the physiological significance of these responses. We will examine how inputs from neck and vestibular receptors are integrated by respiratory pathways, and will test the hypothesis that vestibulo-respiratory reflexes have similar characteristics in awake animals as in decerebrate preparations. In the second group of specific aims, we will determine the neural pathways that relay vestibular signals to respiratory motoneurons. We will use neuroanatomical techniques to determine the locations of neurons outside of the major respiratory groups that project to respiratory motoneurons, and will analyze the responses of these neurons to vestibular stimulation. Knowledge about vestibular influences on respiratory muscles will be compared to existing information about other vestibulo-spinal reflexes, which may lead to new insights about the role of vestibular signals in motor control. In addition, these experiments will reveal the possible medical consequences of deficiencies in vestibulo-respiratory reflexes, and will provide evidence that will be important in providing treatments for these conditions. Thus, the proposed experiments have both scientific and potential clinical value.