权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Cooperative work in social birds: how is a tragedy of the commons averted?

群居鸟类的合作：如何避免公地悲剧？

基本信息

批准号：
NE/G018588/1
负责人：
Ben Hatchwell
金额：
$ 52.33万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FG018588%2F1
关键词：
Cooperative work social birds how

项目摘要

The evolution of cooperative behaviour is a fundamental and persistent problem in evolutionary biology. Natural selection is expected to select for selfish behaviour because individuals should seek to maximise their own reproductive success to leave more offspring in the next generation. Therefore, when individuals cooperate in joint tasks, there is inevitably conflict over how hard each should work: every individual would like others to work harder and to do less themselves. Hence, in social groups, cooperative behaviour will be vulnerable to exploitation by selfish individuals, or freeloaders. Public goods games capture the essence of the paradox: groups composed of cooperating individuals should out-compete groups of selfish individuals, but selfish individuals do better than cooperative ones within groups. This social dilemma is known as the tragedy of the commons and it is found in virtually all biological systems, including human societies, where over-exploitation of common resources such as fish stocks or failure to curb carbon emissions are obvious examples. An extensive theoretical literature shows that selfishness replaces cooperation under most conditions, but that cooperative behaviour may be maintained under certain circumstances. These include: 1. When non-cooperating individuals are punished or coerced into cooperation through a system of enforcement. 2. When individuals must achieve a good reputation through cooperation in order to maximise their own fitness. 3. When cooperation benefits relatives so that cooperators gain fitness benefits through kin selection. The aim of this study is to use the unique communal breeding system of the sociable weaver of southern Africa to test these alternative hypotheses for resolution of a tragedy of the commons. The sociable weaver builds massive communal nests in which a single nest mass provides roosting and breeding sites for up to several hundred birds. The communal nest has two distinct but integrated components: a thatched dome that has a supportive and thermoregulatory function; and individual nest chambers embedded beneath the thatch in which pairs or small groups of individuals roost and breed. A key feature is that the dome is not a self-organising structure because it is not an emergent property of investment in individual nest chambers. Thus, colony members must invest time and effort in building and maintaining the communal dome as well as their own nest chamber. How do sociable weavers resolve the conflict among individuals over cooperative investment and avoid a tragedy of the commons that would result in social collapse? This study will first determine the individual contributions made by colony members to public goods, and determine whether this effort is costly. The function of the public goods will also be quantified by relating the thermoregulatory properties of the thatch to its size and the position of nest chambers. Finally, and most importantly, this study will use field observations and experiments to test whether a tragedy of the commons is averted by cooperating with kin, through enforcement of cooperative work by other colony members, or because cooperative work is a signal to other colony members of an individual's quality with associated benefits to an individual's own reproductive success. Previous studies of sociable weavers show that the programme of research is tractable and the project's objectives achievable. The study will be conducted on an established study population of sociable weavers at Kimberley, South Africa, in collaboration with the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology at the University of Cape Town. Because of the ubiquity of the tragedy of the commons in biological systems, the findings of this study will have broad relevance across a wide range of disciplines.

合作行为的进化是进化生物学中一个基本而持久的问题。自然选择会选择自私的行为，因为个体应该寻求最大限度地提高自己的繁殖成功率，以便在下一代留下更多的后代。因此，当个人在共同的任务中合作时，不可避免地会有关于每个人应该努力工作的冲突：每个人都希望别人工作更努力，自己做得更少。因此，在社会群体中，合作行为很容易受到自私的个人或白吃白喝者的剥削。公共产品博弈抓住了悖论的本质：由合作个体组成的群体应该胜过由自私个体组成的群体，但自私个体比群体内的合作个体做得更好。这种社会困境被称为公地悲剧，几乎存在于所有生物系统中，包括人类社会，过度开发鱼类资源等公共资源或未能遏制碳排放是明显的例子。大量的理论文献表明，在大多数情况下，自私取代了合作，但在某些情况下，合作行为可能会保持下去。这些措施包括：1.当不合作的个人受到惩罚或通过强制执行系统被迫合作时。2.当个人必须通过合作获得良好的声誉，以最大限度地提高自己的健康。3.当合作对亲属有利时，合作者通过亲属选择获得适应性利益。本研究的目的是使用南部非洲的社会性织布工的独特的公共繁殖系统来测试这些替代假设，以解决公地悲剧。善于交际的织工会建造大型的公共巢穴，一个巢穴可以为数百只鸟提供栖息和繁殖的场所。公共巢有两个不同的，但集成的组件：一个茅草屋顶，具有支持和温度调节功能;和个人巢室嵌入茅草下的对或小团体的个人栖息和繁殖。一个关键的特征是，圆顶不是一个自组织的结构，因为它不是一个新兴的财产投资在个别巢室。因此，蚁群成员必须投入时间和精力来建造和维护公共圆顶以及它们自己的巢室。善于社交的编织者如何解决个人之间关于合作投资的冲突，避免导致社会崩溃的公地悲剧？这项研究将首先确定殖民地成员对公共产品的个人贡献，并确定这种努力是否昂贵。公共产品的功能也将被量化有关的茅草的温度调节性能，其大小和位置的巢室。最后，也是最重要的是，本研究将使用实地观察和实验，以测试是否公地的悲剧是避免通过与亲属合作，通过执行其他殖民地成员的合作工作，或因为合作工作是一个信号，以其他殖民地成员的个人的质量与相关的利益，以个人自己的繁殖成功。以前对社会性织布工的研究表明，研究计划是易于处理的，项目的目标是可以实现的。这项研究将在南非金伯利与开普敦大学珀西菲茨帕特里克非洲鸟类学研究所合作，对一个已建立的社会性织布鸟研究种群进行。由于生物系统中普遍存在的公地悲剧，这项研究的结果将在广泛的学科中具有广泛的相关性。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（7）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Disruptive viability selection on a black plumage trait associated with dominance.

DOI：
10.1111/jeb.12717
发表时间：
2015-11
期刊：
Journal of evolutionary biology
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Acker P;Grégoire A;Rat M;Spottiswoode CN;van Dijk RE;Paquet M;Kaden JC;Pradel R;Hatchwell BJ;Covas R;Doutrelant C
通讯作者：
Doutrelant C

Antagonistic effect of helpers on breeding male and female survival in a cooperatively breeding bird.