More Operational Radiosonde SEnsors ( MORSE)

更多操作性无线电探空仪传感器 (MORSE)

• 批准号: NE/H002081/1
• 负责人: Richard Harrison
• 金额: $ 17.31万
• 依托单位: University of Reading
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH002081%2F1
• 关键词: More; Operational; Radiosonde; SEnsors; MORSE

Most people have seen a weather balloon. Weather balloons provide an important weapon in the armoury of modern science for measuring the atmosphere to make weather forecasts. In fact balloon-carried scientific measuring instruments have a very long history, extending back to the origins of manned flight in the eighteenth century. Many fundamental findings have been made using scientific balloons, as they conveyed early investigators or their instruments to frontiers of the unexplored. Amongst other discoveries such as the layering of the atmosphere, scientific balloons directly facilitated the discovery of high energy particles originating outside our solar system - cosmic rays. They are able to provide information on what makes up the atmosphere as well as revealing where the different parts of the atmosphere are. Hundreds of weather balloons are launched every day around the world. However, much as they are well-equipped for their short and harsh operating life with batteries, a radio transmitter and weather sensors, they are rarely used for anything more than weather measurements. Some are used to measure the thinness of the ozone layer, and some have been used to probe the electrical structure of thunderstorms, but globally they are under-used as a scientific resource. For little extra cost and no additional receiving equipment, existing daily weather balloon flights can provide a new network of scientific measurements. This could include the atmosphere's chemical composition, finding where turbulence affects aircraft safety and discovering if cloud droplets are forming. To harness this under-utilized scientific resource requires new compact and inexpensive sensors for the measurements, and a method to integrate the sensors with the weather balloons. Most sensors are electronic, and provide voltages representing the quantities they measure. These voltages can be converted to information for transmission over the weather balloon's radio system. The modern weather balloon systems used in the UK do include spare capacity for such extra signals, but this is hardly ever used other than for occasional ozone measurements. By using simple interface circuitry including a miniature computer, the extra measuring capability can be made available for the additional sensors' measurements to be delivered to the receiving station computer. Fortunately, beyond the actual sensors required and the interface circuitry on the weather balloon, nothing more than software is needed to retrieve these extra measurements using the standard equipment already at weather balloon sites. Compared with the cost of flying aircraft therefore, enhancing the weather balloon network generates a relatively cheap method of obtaining widespread atmospheric chemistry and physics measurements. Another helpful aspect is that weather balloons do not suffer from the complications of flight plans and aircraft regulations which restrict even robotic aircraft. Weather balloon launch permissions are readily obtained, allowing measurements at short notice in response to changing conditions. This project will, firstly, design and make a disposable interface system to connect the new science sensors to the weather balloon. As many possible sensors are now available, it will be flexible and programmable. Because weather balloons are almost always ultimately lost, both sensors and interface system need to be cheap. This is possible because of the wide range of electronic devices now available. Secondly, the project will experiment with sensors to measure solar radiation, cloud droplets, the charge on cloud droplets and local turbulent motion, tested against surface measurements and by using flights near weather radars. These sensors have been chosen first as they will provide information on clouds, which, as well as giving us weather, are a key element of the climate system which has to be better understood.

大多数人都见过气象气球。气象气球为测量大气进行天气预报提供了现代科学的重要武器。事实上，气球携带的科学测量仪器有很长的历史，可以追溯到18世纪载人飞行的起源。许多基本的发现都是用科学气球取得的，因为它们把早期的研究人员或他们的仪器运送到未开发的前沿。在大气分层等其他发现中，科学气球直接促进了太阳系外高能粒子——宇宙射线的发现。它们能够提供关于大气组成的信息，并揭示大气不同部分的位置。世界各地每天都会发射数百个气象气球。然而，尽管它们配备了电池、无线电发射机和天气传感器，但它们的使用寿命很短，而且条件苛刻，但它们很少用于天气测量之外的任何用途。有些被用来测量臭氧层的厚度，有些被用来探测雷暴的电结构，但在全球范围内，它们作为一种科学资源没有得到充分利用。只需很少的额外费用和不需要额外的接收设备，现有的每日气象气球飞行就可以提供一个新的科学测量网络。这可能包括大气的化学成分，发现湍流影响飞机安全的地方，以及发现云滴是否正在形成。为了利用这一未充分利用的科学资源，需要新的紧凑和廉价的测量传感器，以及一种将传感器与气象气球集成的方法。大多数传感器都是电子的，并提供代表其测量量的电压。这些电压可以转换成信息，通过气象气球的无线电系统传输。英国使用的现代气象气球系统确实有多余的容量来接收这些额外的信号，但除了偶尔用于臭氧测量外，这几乎从未被使用过。通过使用简单的接口电路，包括一台微型计算机，额外的测量能力可以提供额外的传感器的测量，以提供给接收站的计算机。幸运的是，除了所需的实际传感器和气象气球上的接口电路之外，只需要软件就可以使用气象气球站点上已有的标准设备检索这些额外的测量结果。因此，与飞行飞机的成本相比，增强气象气球网络产生了一种相对廉价的方法，可以获得广泛的大气化学和物理测量。另一个有益的方面是，气象气球不受飞行计划和飞机规定的复杂影响，这些限制甚至限制了机器人飞机。气象气球发射许可很容易获得，允许在短时间内进行测量，以应对不断变化的情况。本项目将首先设计并制作一个一次性接口系统，将新的科学传感器与气象气球连接起来。由于现在有许多可能的传感器，它将是灵活的和可编程的。由于气象气球几乎总是最终丢失，传感器和接口系统都需要便宜。这是可能的，因为现在有各种各样的电子设备可用。其次，该项目将用传感器进行实验，测量太阳辐射、云滴、云滴上的电荷和局部湍流运动，并通过地面测量和在气象雷达附近飞行进行测试。之所以首先选择这些传感器，是因为它们将提供有关云的信息，而云和天气一样，是气候系统的一个关键要素，必须更好地了解。

项目成果

Measuring electrical properties of the lower troposphere using enhanced meteorological radiosondes

使用增强型气象无线电探空仪测量对流层低层的电特性

• DOI: 10.5194/gi-2021-26
• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Harrison R

Evaluation of ARM tethered-balloon system instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds

ARM 系留气球系统仪器对混合相北极云中过冷液态水和分布式温度传感的评估

• DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Dexheimer D

On the microphysical effects of observed cloud edge charging

• DOI: 10.1002/qj.2554
• 发表时间: 2015-10-01
• 期刊: QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
• 影响因子: 8.9
• 作者: Harrison, R. G.;Nicoll, K. A.;Ambaum, M. H. P.
• 通讯作者: Ambaum, M. H. P.

Note: Active optical detection of cloud from a balloon platform

注：气球平台对云的主动光学检测

• DOI: 10.1063/1.4882318
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Review of Scientific Instruments
• 影响因子: 1.6
• 作者: Harrison R

Stratiform cloud electrification: comparison of theory with multiple in-cloud measurements

• DOI: 10.1002/qj.2858
• 发表时间: 2016-10-01
• 期刊: QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
• 影响因子: 8.9
• 作者: Nicoll, K. A.;Harrison, R. C.
• 通讯作者: Harrison, R. C.