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The role of lateral exchange in modulating the seaward flux of CNP

横向交换在调节 CNP 向海通量中的作用

基本信息

批准号：
NE/J011959/1
负责人：
Corinne Whitby
金额：
$ 83.29万
依托单位：
University of Essex
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ011959%2F1
关键词：
role lateral exchange modulating seaward

项目摘要

All living organisms that make up life on Earth are made from a profusion of elements in the periodic table, including trace metals. However, in addition to oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H), the constituents of water, the three most important are Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P). These have become known as the Macro-Nutrients. These macronutrients are in constant circulation between living organisms (microbes, plants, animals, us) and the environment (atmosphere, land, rivers, oceans). Until human intervention (circa post industrial revolution and even more so since WWII) these 'cycles' were largely in balance: plants took up CO2 and produced O2 and, in order to do so, took up limited amounts of N and P from the environment (soils, rivers) and, on death, this "sequestered" C,N,P was returned back to the Earth. The problem is that human or anthropogenic activity has put these key macro-nutrient cycles out of balance. For example, vast quantities of once fossilised carbon, taken out of the atmosphere before the age of the dinosaurs, are being burnt in our power stations and this has increased atmospheric CO2 by about 30 % in recent times. More alarmingly, perhaps, is that man's industrial efforts have more than doubled the amount of N available to fertilize plants, and vast amounts of P are also released through fertilizer applications and via sewage. As the population continues to grow, and the developing world catches up, and most likely overtakes, the western world, these imbalances in the macro-nutrient cycles are set to be exacerbated. Indeed, such is the impact of man's activity on Earth that some are calling this the 'Anthropocene': Geology's new age. The environmental and social problems associated with these imbalances are diverse and complex; most people would be familiar with the ideas behind global warming and CO2 but fewer may appreciate the links to methane and nitrous oxide or the potential health impacts of excess nitrate in our drinking water. These imbalances are not being ignored and indeed a great deal of science, policy and management has been expended to mitigate the impacts of these imbalances. However, despite our progress in the science underpinning this understanding over the last 30-40 years or so, too much of this science has been focused on the individual macro-nutrients e.g. N, and in isolated parts of the landscape e.g. rivers. To compound this even further, such knowledge and understanding has often been garnered using disparate, or sometimes even antiquated, techniques. Anthropogenic activity has spread this macro-nutrient pollution all over the landscape. Some of it is taken up by life, some is stored, but a good deal of it works its way through the landscape towards our already threatened seas. We need to understand what happens to the macronutrients as they move, or flux, through different parts of the landscape and such understanding can only come about by a truly integrated science programme which examines the fate of the macronutrients simultaneously in different parts of the landscape. Here we will for the first time make parallel measurements, using truly state-of-the-art technologies, of the cycling and flux of all three macronutrients on the land and in the rivers that that land drains and, most importantly, the movement of water that transports the macro-nutrients from the land to the rivers e.g. the hydrology. Moreover, we will compare these parallel measurements across land to river in different types of landscapes: clay, sandstone and chalk, subjected to different agricultural usage in order to understand how the cycling on the land is connected, via the movement of water, to that in the rivers.

构成地球上生命的所有生物体都是由周期表中丰富的元素组成的，包括微量金属。然而，除了氧（O）和氢（H），水的成分，三个最重要的是碳（C），氮（N）和磷（P）。这些被称为宏观营养素。这些常量营养素在生物体（微生物，植物，动物，我们）和环境（大气，土地，河流，海洋）之间不断循环。直到人类干预（大约在工业革命后，二战后更是如此），这些“循环”在很大程度上是平衡的：植物吸收二氧化碳并产生O2，为了做到这一点，从环境（土壤，河流）中吸收了有限数量的N和P，并且在死亡时，这种“隔离”的C，N，P被送回地球。问题是人类或人为活动已经使这些关键的宏观营养循环失去平衡。例如，在恐龙时代之前从大气中取出的大量曾经被分解的碳，正在我们的发电站中燃烧，这使大气中的二氧化碳在近代增加了约30%。也许更令人担忧的是，人类的工业努力使可用于施肥植物的氮量增加了一倍多，大量的磷也通过化肥和污水释放出来。随着人口的持续增长，发展中国家赶上并很可能超过西方世界，这些宏观营养循环的不平衡将加剧。事实上，人类活动对地球的影响如此之大，以至于有人称之为“人类世”：地质学的新时代。与这些不平衡相关的环境和社会问题是多样和复杂的;大多数人都熟悉全球变暖和二氧化碳背后的想法，但很少有人会意识到甲烷和一氧化二氮的联系，或者我们饮用水中过量硝酸盐的潜在健康影响。这些不平衡没有被忽视，事实上，已经花费了大量的科学、政策和管理来减轻这些不平衡的影响。然而，尽管我们在过去30-40年左右的时间里在支持这种理解的科学方面取得了进展，但太多的科学都集中在单个宏观营养素（如N）和景观的孤立部分（如河流）上。更糟糕的是，这些知识和理解往往是使用不同的，有时甚至是过时的技术获得的。人类活动已经将这种大量营养素污染扩散到了整个景观。其中一些被生命吸收，一些被储存起来，但其中很大一部分通过景观进入我们已经受到威胁的海洋。我们需要了解大量营养素在景观的不同部分移动或流动时会发生什么，只有通过真正的综合科学计划才能实现这种理解，该计划同时检查景观不同部分中大量营养素的命运。在这里，我们将首次使用真正最先进的技术，对土地和土地排水的河流中所有三种常量营养素的循环和通量进行平行测量，最重要的是，将常量营养素从土地运输到河流的水的运动，例如水文学。此外，我们将比较这些平行测量在不同类型的景观土地河流：粘土，砂岩和白垩，受到不同的农业用途，以了解如何在土地上的循环连接，通过水的运动，在河流中。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（8）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Hydrological properties predict the composition of microbial communities cycling methane and nitrogen in rivers.

DOI：
10.1038/s43705-022-00087-7
发表时间：
2022-01-21
期刊：
ISME COMMUNICATIONS
影响因子：
0
作者：
Clark, Dave R.;Mckew, Boyd A.;Binley, Andrew;Heppell, Catherine M.;Whitby, Corinne;Trimmer, Mark
通讯作者：
Trimmer, Mark

Nanosilver inhibits nitrification and reduces ammonia-oxidising bacterial but not archaeal amoA gene abundance in estuarine sediments