Ecosystem Services, Wellbeing and Justice: Developing Tools for Research and Development Practice

全球南方生态系统的管理往往涉及一方面保护全球生态系统服务(例如生物多样性)，另一方面提供生态系统(例如食物)和保护当地人民免受生态系统损害(ED，例如农作物掠夺)之间的权衡。在我们由ESPA资助的“公正生态系统管理”研究中，我们发现，公平分析的使用提高了我们对此类权衡的概念性理解，并为我们如何努力解决这些权衡提供了理论见解。在这个拟议的后续项目中，我们将对正义的见解与幸福感研究的最新创新相结合，将这一新的概念方法转化为强有力的实证研究战略，并为更广泛的ESPA社区开发研究工具。基本的理由是，公平分配环境和教育，穷人有意义地参与管理决策，承认他们的知识和经验，这对环境教育对减贫的贡献产生了积极影响。我们建立在通过i-REDD+项目积累的老挝北部Naam et Phou Loeuy地区知识的基础上，并比较了三种旨在协调全球和当地环境的治理干预措施(重新安置、与保护结合使用、旅游收入分享)。我们通过在四个地点应用以下主要研究问题来提供补充的多学科数据：(1)在景观尺度上存在什么ES和ED？(2)不同干预措施的地点和不同利益相关者的ES/ED的可用性和使用有何不同？(3)在过去13年中，ES/ED的可用性和使用发生了怎样的变化，干预措施在多大程度上导致了这些变化？(4)对于ES和ED，当地利益相关者个人和集体的幸福感和正义观是什么？(5)人们如何感知他们个人幸福感的变化？可持续发展对福祉有何贡献？可持续发展有何危害？(6)不同的利益相关者(集体和个别)和专家如何评估不同形式的干预措施是否公正，以及他们的评估与幸福结果有何关系？该项目将为ESPA研究产生四个主要成果：1)旨在协调当地和全球可持续发展的不同干预措施如何影响可持续发展对减贫的贡献的经验性见解。2)更广泛地研究生态系统对全球南方偏远地区减贫的贡献的工具，包括：-分类生态系统和生态系统清单--生态系统管理专家正义评估准则--关于生态系统、福祉和正义的参与性讲习班的议定书--关于生态系统、福祉和正义的访谈指南3)关于生态系统/教育及其对福祉的影响的数据集4)参与性生态系统服务清单工具，使当地社区能够在外部促进者的支持下确定和衡量一系列生态系统/教育系统，并绘制主要利益攸关方的地图。这项研究将与野生动物保护协会(WCS)一起规划和设计工具，并与包括政府官员、非政府组织和研究人员在内的当地利益攸关方协商。WCS是生态系统管理的主要全球利益攸关方，并积极参与在老挝和柬埔寨自己的场地测试工具，并应用这些工具来提高干预措施的有效性，包括使贫困和被边缘化的个人和群体受益。该工具最终将以手册的形式提供，在因特网上传播，并在选定的国际论坛上作介绍。预计它将与全球南方的政府官员、捐助者和非政府组织的工作直接相关，从而为低收入国家的穷人创造实实在在的利益。

The management of ecosystems in the Global South often involves tradeoffs between the conservation of global ecosystem services (ES, e.g. biodiversity), on the one hand, and provision of ES (e.g. food) and protection from ecosystem disservices (ED, e.g. crop raids) for local people. In our ESPA-funded 'Just Ecosystem Management' research, we found that the use of justice analyses improved our conceptual understanding of such tradeoffs and provided theoretical insights into how we might work to resolve them. In this proposed follow-on project, we combine the insights on justice with recent innovations in wellbeing research, translate this novel conceptual approach into a robust strategy for empirical research and develop research tools for the wider ESPA community. The underlying rationale is that an equitable distribution of ES and ED, meaningful participation of poor people in management decisions and recognition of their knowledge and experiences creates positive impacts on the contribution of ES to poverty alleviation.We build on knowledge of the Nam Et Phou Loeuy region in northern Laos accumulated under the I-REDD+ Project and a comparison of three governance interventions intended to reconcile global and local ES (resettlement, use combined with protection, tourism revenue sharing). We provide complementary, multidisciplinary data by applying the following main research questions in four sites:(1) What ES and ED are present at the landscape scale? (2) How does availability and use of ES/ED differ between sites with different interventions and for different stakeholders? (3) How has availability and use of ES/ED changed over the preceding 13 years, and to what extent have the interventions caused the changes? (4) What are local stakeholders' notions of wellbeing and justice, both individually and collectively, with particular regard to ES and ED?(5) How do people perceive changes in their individual wellbeing? What contributions do ES make to wellbeing, what harms do ED create, and how has this changed?(6) How do different stakeholders (collectively and individually) and experts evaluate different forms of interventions to be just or unjust, and how do their evaluations relate to wellbeing outcomes?The project will produce four main outputs for ESPA research:1) Empirical insights on how different interventions designed to reconcile local and global ES affect the contributions of ES to poverty alleviation. 2) Tools for wider research on the contributions of ES to poverty alleviation appropriate to remote areas of the Global South, including:- Disaggregated ES and ED inventory- Guidelines for expert justice assessments of ecosystem management- Protocol for participatory workshops on ES, wellbeing and justice- Interview guide on ES, wellbeing and justice3) Data sets on ES/ED and their effects on wellbeing.4) The Participatory Ecosystem Services Inventory Tool (PESIT), which would allow local communities to identify and measure a range of ES/ED and map key stakeholders with support from external facilitators. The research will be planned and tools designed alongside the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in consultation with local stakeholders including government officials, NGOs and researchers. WCS are a major global stakeholder in ecosystem management and are actively keen to be involved in testing of tools in their own sites in Laos and Cambodia and applying these tools to improve the effectiveness of interventions in including and benefitting poor and marginalised individuals and groups. The tool will ultimately be made available in the form of a manual, disseminated over the internet and through presentations at selected international forums. It is expected to be of direct relevance to the work of government officials, donors and NGOs in the Global South, thereby creating tangible benefits for poor people in low-income countries.