Arctic Sea-Ice-Zone Blowing Snow - Contribution to Sea Salt Aerosol (ABSCISSA)

北冰洋冰区(SIZ)影响着大气组成和气候，它正在对气候变化做出快速反应。我们迫切需要量化它对地区/全球大气的影响，以便我们能够预测这种情况在未来可能会发生什么变化。北极研究在后勤和科学方面具有挑战性，并继续依赖新的国际合作伙伴关系、共享的科学专业知识、数据和后勤。这一科学背景和工作方式完全反映了我们在拟议的横坐标项目中的重点和方法。我们的科学重点是北极大小作为海盐气溶胶(SSA)来源的潜力。气溶胶是大气中的小颗粒，起着几个关键作用。它们影响阳光的传输和云的形成。它们向大气中生产卤素化合物，这反过来又影响大气氧化化学和食物链中汞的可获得性--这是北极人目前的主要健康关切。当它们沉积在极地冰盖上时，海盐气溶胶留下了过去可以通过钻探冰芯获得的条件的记录。因此，确定和量化SSA的来源是很重要的。有强有力的证据表明，在极地地区，来源是风吹对海冰表面咸雪的影响。如果这是正确的，它就有可能利用冰芯数据来得出海冰范围在很长一段时间内的变化。因此，重要的是要了解极地海盐气溶胶的来源，并能够预测它们可能如何随气候变化和对气候的反馈。这种规模的实地工作具有挑战性--该地区很难进入，而且几乎没有船基项目在那里运作，特别是在冬季。然而，2015年冬天，挪威极地研究所(NPI)将在他们的科考船兰斯号上主办一次巡航，这艘船位于北极深处。我们已经通过谈判获得了参与的机会，但需要资金来支付强制性的财政捐款。我们已经在NPI中建立了新的项目合作伙伴，与他们合作。我们的科学目标是确定海冰上的风吹雪是否真的是北极海盐气溶胶的主要来源，并进行一系列必要的测量，以在数值模式中将这一过程参数化。我们将使用我们在上一次成功的南极大小冬季航行中部署的相同方法、设备和人员(由NERC资助)，从而将之前NERC的投资作为这次北极研究的跳板。北极的大小与南极的大小有很大的不同，因此要评估北极的海盐来源和影响，我们必须有直接来自北极大小的数据。与NPI的合作是互惠互利的：NPI物流将使我们能够访问原本无法进入的地区；我们将进行需要但不是我们的NPI合作伙伴进行的新测量；同样，他们的数据将填补我们测量套件中的空白；我们都将为数据解释贡献专业知识。这样的工作实践提供了相当大的影响力，并为未来建立了强有力的合作。从战略上讲，该项目符合旨在加强英国和挪威之间科学合作的政府层面的谅解备忘录。该项目符合NERC希望BAS在北极发挥更大作用的愿望。从长远来看，我们将利用我们的数据：一)扩大规模，得出北极地区的来源；二)与南极洲上空的海盐产量进行比较；三)评估对大气化学成分的影响；四)评估海盐气溶胶作为海冰替代品的适宜性。因此，我们的成果有助于一系列不同的学术团体，提高英国科学在北极地区的形象和势头，并有助于一个引起强烈科学、政治和公众兴趣的领域：与减少北冰洋海冰面积相关的社会经济和气候影响及反馈。

The Arctic sea ice zone (SIZ) affects atmospheric composition and climate, and it is responding rapidly to climate change. We urgently need to quantify its influence on the regional/global atmosphere so we can predict how this may change in the future. Arctic research is logistically and scientifically challenging, and continually relies on new international partnerships, shared science expertise, data, and logistics. This scientific context and modus operandi entirely reflects our focus and approach within the proposed ABSCISSA project.Our scientific focus is the potential of the Arctic SIZ to be a source of sea salt aerosol (SSA). Aerosols are small particles in the atmosphere which play several critical roles. They affect the transmission of sunlight and the formation of clouds. They host the production of halogen compounds to the atmosphere which in turn affect atmospheric oxidation chemistry and the availability of mercury to the food chain - a major current health concern for Arctic people. When they are deposited on polar ice caps, sea salt aerosols leave a record of past conditions that can be accessed by drilling ice cores. So it's important to pinpoint and quantify sources of SSA. There is strong evidence that in the polar regions, the source is the effect of wind blowing on salty snow on the sea ice surface. If this is right, it opens the possibility of using ice core data to derive changes in sea ice extent over long time periods. It is therefore important to understand the sources of polar sea salt aerosol and to be able to predict how they may vary with, and feedback to, climate.Field work within the SIZ is challenging - the area is hard to access and very few ship-based programmes operate there, particularly during the winter. However in winter 2015, the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) will host a cruise on their research ship, Lance, deep within the Arctic SIZ. We have negotiated a chance to participate but need funding for the mandatory financial contribution. We have established new project partners in NPI with whom to work. Our scientific aim is to determine whether wind-blown snow on sea ice really is the dominant source of Arctic sea salt aerosol, and to make a series of measurements needed to parameterise this process in numerical models. We will use the same methodology, equipment and personnel deployed by us during a previous successful winter cruise to the Antarctic SIZ (funded by NERC), thus using previous NERC investment as a springboard for this Arctic research. The Arctic SIZ is substantially different from that of the Antarctic so to assess sea salt sources and impacts in the Arctic, we must have data derived directly from the Arctic SIZ. The collaboration with NPI is highly mutually beneficial: NPI logistics will enable access to an otherwise inaccessible region; we will make novel measurements, needed, but not made by our NPI partners; similarly, their data will fill gaps in our measurement suite; we will all contribute expertise for data interpretation. Such working practices provide considerable leverage, and build strong collaborations for the future.Strategically, the project fits within a government-level MoU that aims to increase scientific collaboration between the UK and Norway. The project fits NERC aspirations for BAS to assume an increased role in the Arctic. In the longer-term, we will use our data i) to scale up to derive an Arctic regional source, ii) to compare with sea salt production over Antarctica, iii) to assess the impact on chemical composition of the atmosphere, and iv) to assess the suitability of sea salt aerosol as a sea ice proxy. Our results thus contribute to a range of different academic groups, raise the profile and momentum of UK science within the Arctic, and contribute to an area of intense scientific, political and public interest: the socio-economic and climatic implications and feedbacks associated with reducing Arctic sea ice extent.