Spillover of bacteria from agriculture into the surrounding soilscape

农业细菌溢出到周围土壤景观

• 批准号: NE/N002679/1
• 负责人: Thomas Bell
• 金额: $ 62.31万
• 依托单位: Imperial College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FN002679%2F1
• 关键词: Spillover; bacteria; agriculture; into; surrounding

Humans now farm almost 40 percent of the Earth's ice-free land. This extreme change in land cover over such a short time is unprecedented in the planet's history, and it is well known to drive extinctions and alter the evolutionary trajectories of species. Yet nearly all of our knowledge of these environmental effects comes from research on plants or animals above ground. In contrast, the effects on soil micro-organisms are poorly understood, despite the key role of these species in decomposition, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and the maintenance of soil fertility on which agriculture depends. In fact, while we know that microbes have the potential to disperse over long distances, we lack even a general understanding of microbial dispersal, or how the arrangement of natural and agricultural systems in modern landscapes affects soil biodiversity. The influence of landscape structure on plants, vertebrates and invertebrates has been studied for decades, but only in recent years has the technology for studying soil microbes been adequate and affordable enough to conduct comparable research belowground.In addition to driving extinctions of species and altering their interactions, agriculture acts like an environmental filter, only allowing certain species to survive. Furthermore, the high availability of nutrients when fertilizer is added to already fertile soils provides a valuable reward to those species that can rapidly take them up and tolerate the harsh agricultural conditions and chemicals such as pesticides. Such heavily constrained ecosystems, with potential high rewards, are fertile ground for natural selection. Therefore, we have seen the evolution of pesticide resistance in weeds and insect pests of agriculture, and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in microbes. Such examples are likely to be the tip of the iceberg, yet the extent to which microbes evolve in agriculture, and how this affects the functioning of soil ecosystems, remain largely unknown. More importantly, just as weeds can spread out of crops and antibiotic resistance has spread to human diseases, organisms that evolve in agriculture have the potential to spread across the landscape including into natural areas. We have recently demonstrated that highly-productive agricultural habitats generate an abundance of insects, which then 'spill over' into nearby natural habitats and alter the functioning of ecosystems. This project will test whether similar processes occur in soil microbes and, more importantly, whether the intensification of agriculture drives the evolution of soil microbes and the spread of agriculturally-selected genes across the landscape. We will then test the consequences of this spillover and spread for the ways in which ecosystems function.

人类现在耕种着地球上近40%的无冰土地。在如此短的时间内，土地覆盖的这种极端变化在地球历史上是前所未有的，众所周知，它会推动物种的进化并改变物种的进化轨迹。然而，我们对这些环境影响的几乎所有知识都来自对地面上植物或动物的研究。相比之下，对土壤微生物的影响知之甚少，尽管这些物种在分解、养分循环、碳固存和维持农业所依赖的土壤肥力方面发挥着关键作用。事实上，虽然我们知道微生物有可能长距离传播，但我们甚至对微生物传播缺乏一般性的了解，或者现代景观中自然和农业系统的排列如何影响土壤生物多样性。景观结构对植物、脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的影响已经研究了几十年，但直到最近几年，研究土壤微生物的技术才足够和负担得起，可以在地下进行类似的研究。除了驱动物种的灭绝和改变它们之间的相互作用，农业就像一个环境过滤器，只允许某些物种生存。此外，当肥料被添加到已经肥沃的土壤中时，养分的高可用性为那些能够迅速吸收养分并耐受恶劣的农业条件和农药等化学品的物种提供了宝贵的奖励。这种受到严重限制的生态系统，具有潜在的高回报，是自然选择的肥沃土壤。因此，我们已经看到了杂草和农业害虫的杀虫剂抗性的进化，以及微生物的抗生素抗性的进化。这些例子可能只是冰山一角，但微生物在农业中进化的程度，以及这如何影响土壤生态系统的功能，在很大程度上仍然未知。更重要的是，正如杂草可以从作物中传播出去，抗生素耐药性已经传播到人类疾病中，农业中进化的生物体有可能在整个景观中传播，包括进入自然区域。我们最近已经证明，高产的农业栖息地会产生大量的昆虫，然后“溢出”到附近的自然栖息地，改变生态系统的功能。该项目将测试土壤微生物中是否发生类似的过程，更重要的是，农业的集约化是否会推动土壤微生物的进化以及农业选择的基因在整个景观中的传播。然后，我们将测试这种溢出和扩散对生态系统功能的影响。

项目成果

Microbial community succession in steam-sterilized greenhouses infected with Fusarium oxysporum.

• DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13072
• 发表时间: 2022-08
• 期刊: Environmental microbiology reports
• 影响因子: 3.3

Bacterial communities in larger islands have reduced temporal turnover.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00976-0
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 期刊: The ISME journal
• 作者: Rivett DW;Mombrikotb SB;Gweon HS;Bell T;van der Gast C
• 通讯作者: van der Gast C

Microbes in the Anthropocene: spillover of agriculturally selected bacteria and their impact on natural ecosystems.

• DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0896
• 发表时间: 2016-12-14
• 期刊: Proceedings. Biological sciences
• 作者: Bell T;Tylianakis JM
• 通讯作者: Tylianakis JM