Investigating the large source of particulate mass from nitrophenols observed in Beijing during winter haze events

调查北京冬季雾霾事件期间观察到的硝基苯酚颗粒物的大来源

• 批准号: NE/S006648/1
• 负责人: Jacqueline Hamilton
• 金额: $ 32.02万
• 依托单位: University of York
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS006648%2F1
• 关键词: Investigating; large; source; particulate; mass

Exposure to poor air quality is the top environmental risk factor of premature mortality globally with an estimated 4 million premature deaths in 2015 from long-term exposure to current levels. By far the most damaging air pollutant to health is particulate matter (PM). The International Agency for Cancer Research has recently classified air pollution as a known carcinogen, with particle pollution being most closely associated with increased cancer rates. Chinese megacities, such as Beijing and Guangzhou, frequently exceed recommended exposure guidelines for particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5). According to official data, the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 in 2016 in Beijing and Guangzhou were nearly 7 and 4 times higher than World Health Organisation guidelines. A study of 272 Chinese cities found that increases in PM2.5 could be linked to increases in mortality, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory diseases, stroke, coronary heart diseases, hypertension and from cardiovascular disease. Therefore the population in Chinese megacities is subjected to damaging levels of particles over extended periods. One of the aims of the recent NERC/MRC funded Air Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity program was to investigate the sources of PM and develop strategies to reduce exposure to harmful levels of air pollution. Aerosol samples collected during two field deployments in Beijing were analyzed and unusually high levels of nitrophenolic compounds were observed. Nitrophenols can have a range of important atmospheric impacts. Nitro-aromatic compounds, and their atmospheric and biological reaction products, have detrimental effects on human and plant health. For instance, toxic effects in humans after dermal, oral, or respiratory exposure include gastrointestinal, neurological and reproductive disorders, cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, cataracts, respiratory and skin irritation, nephrotoxicity, and haematological defects. Some nitrophenols are phytotoxic and may be harmful to plants and aquatic life. The amounts of nitrophenols observed in Beijing were much higher than in previous studies in urban areas and the source of these compounds is unclear. This ambitious project will bring together expertise in chemical mechanism development (Rickard), simulation chamber experiments (Wang) and detailed aerosol composition measurements (Hamilton) to understand the sources and formation processes of nitrophenols and secondary organic aerosol from the atmospheric oxidation of aromatics and phenolic species, under conditions observed in the Beijing urban atmosphere. This project will address key uncertainties arising from the measurements of particle composition during haze events in Beijing and widen the results by applying the methodologies to a different Chinese megacity, Guangzhou. We will improve current representations of phenolic chemistry in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), which is extensively used in a wide variety of air quality science and policy applications. This will be used to design simulation experiments at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry to study the formation of nitrophenols under controlled conditions. We will measure the atmospheric levels of nitrophenols in Guangzhou in summer and winter and combine this with additional data from Beijing to determine the sources and factors that control nitrophenol concentrations.We will also initiate collaboration between the Chinese partner institute and the EUROCHAMP-2020 network, which aims to integrate the most advanced European atmospheric simulation chambers into a world-class infrastructure for research and innovation. Long lasting impact will be achieved through a knowledge exchange placement, where a member of staff from GIG will spend 12 weeks in York to receive training on the MCM and the protocols developed in Europe to model the background chemistry within simulation chambers.

暴露于糟糕的空气质量是全球过早死亡的首要环境风险因素，据估计，2015年因长期暴露在当前水平下而过早死亡的人数为400万人。迄今为止，对健康危害最大的空气污染物是颗粒物(PM)。国际癌症研究机构最近将空气污染归类为已知致癌物质，其中颗粒物污染与癌症发病率上升关系最密切。中国的特大城市，如北京和广州，经常超过直径小于2.5微米的颗粒物(PM2.5)的推荐暴露指南。根据官方数据，2016年北京和广州PM2.5的年平均浓度分别比世界卫生组织的指导方针高出近7倍和4倍。一项对中国272个城市的研究发现，PM2.5的增加可能与死亡率、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、呼吸系统疾病、中风、冠心病、高血压和心血管疾病的增加有关。因此，中国特大城市的人口在较长一段时间内受到有害颗粒物水平的影响。最近由NERC/MRC资助的中国超大城市空气污染与人类健康项目的目的之一是调查PM的来源，并制定策略以减少暴露在有害水平的空气污染中。对北京两次现场部署期间采集的气溶胶样本进行了分析，观察到异常高水平的硝基酚化合物。硝基酚可能会对大气产生一系列重要影响。硝基芳香族化合物及其大气和生物反应产物对人类和植物健康都有不利影响。例如，皮肤、口腔或呼吸道暴露后对人类的毒性影响包括胃肠道、神经和生殖障碍、肝硬变、肝炎、白内障、呼吸和皮肤刺激、肾毒性和血液学缺陷。一些硝基酚具有植物毒性，可能对植物和水生生物有害。在北京观察到的硝基酚的数量远远高于之前在城市地区进行的研究，这些化合物的来源尚不清楚。这个雄心勃勃的项目将汇集化学机理开发(Rickard)、模拟室实验(WANG)和详细的气溶胶成分测量(HAMILTON)方面的专业知识，以了解在北京城市大气观察到的条件下，芳香烃和酚类物质在大气中氧化产生的硝基酚和二次有机气溶胶的来源和形成过程。该项目将解决北京雾霾事件期间颗粒成分测量带来的关键不确定性，并将这些方法应用于中国另一个特大城市广州，从而扩大结果。我们将改进主化学机制(MCM)中现有的酚类化学表示法，该机制广泛应用于空气质量科学和政策应用。这将被用于在广州地球化学研究所设计模拟实验，以研究在受控条件下硝基酚的形成。我们将测量广州夏季和冬季大气中的硝基酚水平，并将其与北京提供的额外数据相结合，以确定控制硝基酚浓度的来源和因素。我们还将启动中国合作研究所与EUROCHAMP-2020网络之间的合作，旨在将最先进的欧洲大气模拟室整合到世界级的研究和创新基础设施中。将通过知识交流安排实现长期持久的影响，在那里，GIG的一名工作人员将在约克花费12周时间接受关于MCM和在欧洲制定的在模拟室内模拟背景化学的方案的培训。

项目成果

Emission estimates and inventories of non-methane volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic burning sources in India

• DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100115
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 作者: G. Stewart;Beth S. Nelson;W. Acton;A. Vaughan;J. Hopkins;Siti S. M. Yunus;C. Hewitt;O. Wild;E. Nemitz;R. Gadi;L. Sahu;T. Mandal;B. Gurjar;A. Rickard;James D. Lee;J. Hamilton

Aromatic Photo-oxidation, A New Source of Atmospheric Acidity.

芳香光氧化，大气酸度的新来源。

• DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00526
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Environmental Science & Technology
• 影响因子: 11.4
• 作者: Wang Sainan;Newl;Mike J;Deng Wei;Rickard Andrew R;Hamilton Jacqueline F;Muñoz Amalia;Ródenas Milagros;Vázquez Monica M;Wang Liming;Wang Xinming
• 通讯作者: Wang Xinming

Importance of Oxidants and Temperature in the Formation of Biogenic Organosulfates and Nitrooxy Organosulfates

• DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00204
• 发表时间: 2021-09-06
• 期刊: ACS EARTH AND SPACE CHEMISTRY
• 影响因子: 3.4
• 作者: Bryant, Daniel J.;Elzein, Atallah;Hamilton, Jacqueline F.
• 通讯作者: Hamilton, Jacqueline F.