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THE ECOLOGY OF BEHAVIOURAL CONTAGION IN NATURAL SYSTEMS

自然系统中行为传染的生态学

基本信息

批准号：
NE/S010335/1
负责人：
Ben Sheldon
金额：
$ 81.96万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS010335%2F1
关键词：
ECOLOGY BEHAVIOURAL CONTAGION NATURAL SYSTEMS

项目摘要

Across the animal kingdom, the transfer of social information shapes almost all aspects of life. Information transmission takes place in many contexts, and may involve direct communication or information spreading via inadvertent social cues, for instance when individuals learn information through observing others. As individuals gain information and adopt new behaviours, this can then be passed onto others, and the behaviour can spread through the society. For instance, in the 1940's, British tits (Paridae) were observed opening milk bottle tops, and this behaviour appeared to transmit across the population. By transmitting from individual to individual, the social spread of behaviour has the potential to cause both short-term changes (such as modifications to foraging behaviour) as well as long-term multi-generational processes (such as the emergence of culture). By definition, social transmission depends upon the fine-scale social connections between individuals, and the 'social networks' of many animal societies are known to hold much relevance to the spread of behaviour. Nevertheless, the mode by which behaviour spreads, and the factors that shape this, remain less well understood. In particular, two contrasting hypotheses exist. A long-held hypothesis formed in the 1970's which has been highly influential across diverse systems (ranging from computational networks to animal societies) argues that weak social links often bridge the network and therefore enable increased diffusion potential in contrast to strong links that are usually between individuals who are connected within small clusters - or cliques - anyway. However, a more recent hypothesis that is currently revolutionizing the sociology of behaviour spread states that if adopting a behaviour requires social reinforcement, then strong ties within clustered cliques of individuals become most important. Yet, testing these hypotheses and examining the social, and ecological factors shaping behaviour spread within animal systems requires (i) large-scale tracking of wild individuals within the same social system, (ii) the ability to monitor behaviour at high resolution and, crucially, (iii) experimental manipulations of the potential governing factors.Here, we will use an exceptionally detailed study of wild birds (great tits) at Wytham, near Oxford, involving thousands of individuals tracked over their entire lifetimes, to understand how behaviour spreads. Our previous work has demonstrated that behaviour is transmitted across social ties between these birds, and that it is possible to manipulate population-level components and individual-level sociality using novel automated selective feeders to control precisely which individuals can feed in each area of the woodland. We will combine our past protocols to allow monitoring and manipulation of individuals' social ties and behaviour to test the way behaviour spreads and how ecological and individual factors influence this. First, by manipulating fundamental ecological factors (density and mixing) we will determine how these affect network structure and the consequences for behaviour spread. Second, we will test how differences in individuals' social characteristics affect the flow of new behaviours by manipulating the social start points of behaviour and the presence of particular individuals. In addition, we will examine how behavioural changes may feedback onto social structure itself. Our overall goal is to develop an integrated understanding of the interplay between ecology, sociality, and the spread of behaviour. These insights can then be used to understand the social consequences of ecological factors, the role of individual characteristics in shaping transmission processes, and allow the prediction how behavioural spread may alter under different scenarios, in changing conditions and when subject to perturbations.

在整个动物王国中，社会信息的传递几乎塑造了生活的各个方面。信息传递发生在许多情况下，可能涉及直接沟通或通过无意的社会线索传播信息，例如当个人通过观察他人学习信息时。当个人获得信息并采取新的行为时，这可以传递给其他人，这种行为可以在社会中传播。例如，在20世纪40年代，英国山雀（Paridae）被观察到打开牛奶瓶的顶部，这种行为似乎在整个种群中传播。通过从个人到个人的传播，行为的社会传播有可能引起短期变化（如改变觅食行为）以及长期的多代过程（如文化的出现）。根据定义，社会传播取决于个体之间的精细社会联系，许多动物社会的“社交网络”与行为的传播密切相关。然而，行为传播的模式以及形成这种模式的因素仍然不太清楚。特别是，存在两种截然不同的假设。20世纪70年代形成的一个长期存在的假说在不同的系统（从计算网络到动物社会）中具有很大的影响力，它认为弱社会联系通常是网络的桥梁，因此能够增加扩散潜力，而强联系通常是在小集群或小集团内连接的个体之间。然而，一个最近的假设，目前正在革命性的行为传播社会学的国家，如果采取一种行为需要社会强化，那么强大的联系在集群集团的个人成为最重要的。然而，要检验这些假设并研究影响动物系统内行为传播的社会和生态因素，需要（i）在同一社会系统内大规模跟踪野生个体，（ii）以高分辨率监测行为的能力，以及至关重要的（iii）对潜在控制因素的实验操作。在牛津附近的怀瑟姆（Wytham），研究人员对数千只大山雀的一生进行了跟踪，以了解行为是如何传播的。我们以前的工作已经证明，行为是通过这些鸟类之间的社会关系传递的，并且有可能使用新型自动化选择性喂食器来操纵种群水平的组成部分和个体水平的社会性，以精确控制哪些个体可以在林地的每个区域喂食。我们将联合收割机结合我们过去的协议，允许监测和操纵个人的社会关系和行为，以测试行为传播的方式以及生态和个人因素如何影响这一点。首先，通过操纵基本的生态因素（密度和混合），我们将确定这些因素如何影响网络结构和行为传播的后果。其次，我们将测试个人的社会特征的差异如何影响新行为的流动，通过操纵行为的社会起点和特定个人的存在。此外，我们将研究行为变化如何反馈到社会结构本身。我们的总体目标是发展生态，社会性和行为传播之间的相互作用的综合理解。然后，这些见解可以用来了解生态因素的社会后果，个人特征在塑造传播过程中的作用，并允许预测行为传播在不同情况下，在不断变化的条件下以及受到干扰时可能会发生的变化。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Assessing information-sharing networks within small-scale fisheries and the implications for conservation interventions.

DOI：
10.1098/rsos.211240
发表时间：
2021-11
期刊：
Royal Society open science
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Arlidge WNS;Firth JA;Alfaro-Shigueto J;Ibanez-Erquiaga B;Mangel JC;Squires D;Milner-Gulland EJ
通讯作者：
Milner-Gulland EJ

Variation in local population size predicts social network structure in wild songbirds

当地人口规模的变化预测了野生鸣禽的社交网络结构