ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension (ENCORE)

ENCORE 是国家管弦乐队能力扩展 (ENCORE)

• 批准号: NE/V013351/1
• 负责人: Lars Boehme
• 金额: $ 1.43万
• 依托单位: University of St Andrews
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FV013351%2F1
• 关键词: ENCORE; National; Capability; ORCHESTRA; Extension

Climate change is one of the most urgent issues facing humanity and life on Earth. Better predictions of future climate change are needed, so that measures to reduce its impact and cope with its effects can be put in place. However, improving these predictions requires better knowledge of how the global climate system functions, and this knowledge is currently incomplete. A critical gap concerns understanding of the uptake of heat and carbon by the oceans. Over 90% of the extra heat now present in the Earth System because of global warming has entered the ocean, with strong increases in both the upper and deep ocean apparent since the 1970s. Further, the global ocean is the largest reservoir of carbon in the climate system, and has absorbed nearly one-third of the extra carbon emissions produced since the industrial revolution. Climate change in the atmosphere is strongly moderated by these processes, and would be dramatically greater without them.The Southern Ocean - the vast ocean that encircles Antarctica - is critically important in this regard. Because of the nature of its circulation, its physical and chemical properties, and its connections with the rest of the globe, it accounts for around half of the oceanic uptake of carbon, and around three-quarters of the heat uptake. However, because of its remoteness and hostile environment, with stormy seas, heavy sea ice in places, and long periods of darkness in winter, the Southern Ocean is also the least-measured and least-understood ocean in the world. One consequence of this lack of understanding is that the representations of the Southern Ocean in many of the models used to create future climate projections are not fit for purpose.Our project, ENCORE is the National Capability ORchestra Extension (ENCORE) extends the original Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) by a year. It represents a linking together of many of the major environmental research institutes in the UK, who will work with national and international partners to address these issues. We will carry on our unique combination of data collection, novel analyses and computer simulations to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the circulation and role in global climate of the Southern Ocean. In the single field season available to us data collection will include three cruise elements continuing our long term monitoring of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean to determine the basin-scale transports of heat and carbon in all the different ocean layers (near-surface, intermediate, abyssal). It will also carry on flights with research aircraft to determine climatically-important transfers of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and ocean in all different conditions of sea ice. Information gathered by previous such field work will continue to be examined, producing new insights into ocean processes and improvements to ocean models. An important element of ENCORE will be the synthesis of the new information and understanding gathered over the ORCHESTRA period both with itself and with complimentary parallel projects such as RoSES, SOCCOM and SO-CHIC. This synthesis will produce a holistic understanding of the Atlantic sector and wider Southern Ocean's impact on global climate, and how it may change in the future. ENCORE will work closely with the Met Office in particular to see that such understanding is pulled through to examine the ability of the HadGEM and other UK climate models to replicate the complex dynamics of the region, and to suggest improvements to future iterations of these models.

气候变化是地球上人类和生命面临的最紧迫的问题之一。需要对未来气候变化进行更好的预测，以便采取措施减少其影响并应对其影响。然而，要改进这些预测，需要更好地了解全球气候系统是如何发挥作用的，而这种知识目前还不完整。一个关键的差距涉及对海洋吸收热量和碳的理解。由于全球变暖，目前地球系统中存在的额外热量中，超过90%进入了海洋，自20世纪70年代以来，上层和深海的热量都明显增加。此外，全球海洋是气候系统中最大的碳库，吸收了自工业革命以来产生的额外碳排放的近三分之一。大气中的气候变化受到这些过程的强烈缓和，如果没有这些过程，气候变化将显著加剧。南大洋--环绕南极洲的广阔海洋--在这方面至关重要。由于其环流的性质，其物理和化学性质，以及它与地球其他地区的联系，它约占海洋碳吸收的一半，约占热吸收的四分之三。然而，由于其偏远和恶劣的环境，海上暴风雨，一些地方厚厚的海冰，以及冬季长时间的黑暗，南大洋也是世界上测量最少、了解最少的海洋。这种缺乏理解的后果之一是，许多用于建立未来气候预测的模型中对南大洋的表示不适合我们的目的。我们的项目Encore是国家能力管弦乐团扩展(ENCORE)，将最初的由热量和碳封存和运输(管弦乐队)制定的海洋气候法规延长一年。它代表着英国许多主要环境研究机构的联系，这些机构将与国家和国际合作伙伴合作解决这些问题。我们将进行数据收集、新颖分析和计算机模拟的独特组合，以从根本上提高我们测量、了解和预测南大洋环流和在全球气候中的作用的能力。在可供我们使用的单一实地考察季节，数据收集将包括三个巡航要素，继续我们对南大洋大西洋部分的长期监测，以确定所有不同海洋层(近表层、中层、深海)的盆地规模的热量和碳的输送。它还将与研究飞机一起进行飞行，以确定在所有不同的海冰条件下，大气和海洋之间对气候具有重要意义的热量和碳的转移。将继续审查以前此类实地工作收集的信息，从而对海洋过程和海洋模型的改进产生新的见解。安可的一个重要元素将是交响乐团时期收集的新信息和理解的综合，既包括乐团本身，也包括玫瑰、SOCCOM和So-Chic等免费的平行项目。这一综合将对大西洋部门和更广泛的南大洋对全球气候的影响以及未来可能发生的变化有一个全面的了解。Enore将特别与英国气象局密切合作，确保这种理解得以通过，以检查HadGEM和其他英国气候模型复制该地区复杂动态的能力，并对这些模型的未来迭代提出改进建议。