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Planetary Science and Technology

行星科技

基本信息

批准号：
ST/I001948/1
负责人：
Peter Read
金额：
$ 155.13万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FI001948%2F1
关键词：
Planetary Science Technology

项目摘要

This proposal covers a wide range of coordinated research and technology development aimed at improving our understanding of the evolution, interaction and the current behaviour of the atmospheres and surfaces of planetary bodies in the solar system. This understanding permits an intercomparison between the planets and the Earth that will enhance our understanding of our own planet and its climate. Recent technology developments have concentrated on miniaturisation of radiometers and spectrometers which are now mature and we are turning our attention towards improving the measurement sensitivity by developing cooling technologies to allow us to use more sensitive detectors. This is an area where we have had success in the past but we now need lower mass long-life devices suitable for planetary missions. The Diviner Lunar Radiometer, launched last year, is now returning detailed thermal infrared maps of the lunar surface for the first time measuring the full range of lunar temperatures (>400K to <50K). However, matching the measured temperature variations to those derived by 3D thermal models of the surfaces requires detailed laboratory measurements to be made of minerals under conditions that are as lunar like as possible. Two new sets of lab data in particular are needed, mineral thermal emission spectra and measurements of the light scattering properties of minerals and mixtures. The CIRS instrument on the Cassini spacecraft continues to return excellent observations of the surfaces of Saturn's moons and we propose to use these observations to investigate the endogenic heat flow through these surfaces and the surface composition to determine how these bodies interact. In particular these measurements will help constrain the possible mechanisms causing the geyser seen at Enceladus' south pole, and whether these imply the presence of liquid water. Cassini CIRS observations of the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan have greatly improved our understanding of these worlds. Their north polar regions have been in darkness for the last 15 years, but sunlight has returned and dramatic and rapid changes are expected in the atmospheric circulation patterns of both. These high polar regions are very difficult to view from the Earth at this season so Cassini offers a unique, ringside seat to observe the expected fascinating changes, which will be used to constrain dynamical models of these atmospheres. We propose to make new ground-based observations of Uranus and Neptune to track seasonal changes, especially on Uranus, which passed through its northern spring equinox in 2007. In addition, we plan to continue our programme of observations of Jupiter and Saturn to understand better transient changes, the interaction of eddies and provide contextual information for our Cassini CIRS Saturn observations. We have recently developed models for the gas giant planets, based on the UK Met Office climate model for Earth, that can simulate the atmospheric circulation in the cloudy 'weather layers' on both Jupiter and Saturn, including direct representations of cloud formation and transport. These models will be extended to global coverage to investigate nonlinear turbulent mechanisms for the spontaneous formation of zonally banded jets and clouds. These will form some of the most realistic simulations of these atmospheres so far obtained, and will be evaluated by direct comparisons with the observations discussed above from Cassini CIRS. We plan to upgrade our Mars climate model with the help of our collaborators in Paris and the Open University to improve the representation of dust lifting and transport, the hydrological cycle and sub-surface volatile reservoirs to enable processes linking these cycles to be investigated. We will also make available a newly completed assimilated record of Mars weather from the Mars Global Surveyor mission and extend this record using data from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

该提案涵盖了广泛的协调研究和技术开发，旨在提高我们对太阳系行星体大气和表面的演化、相互作用和当前行为的理解。这种理解允许行星和地球之间的相互比较，这将增强我们对我们自己的星球及其气候的理解。最近的技术发展集中在辐射计和光谱仪的小型化上，这些技术现已成熟，我们正在将注意力转向通过开发冷却技术来提高测量灵敏度，以使我们能够使用更灵敏的探测器。这是我们过去取得成功的领域，但我们现在需要适合行星任务的质量较小的长寿命设备。去年发射的“占卜者”月球辐射计现在正在返回月球表面的详细热红外图，首次测量整个月球温度范围（>400K 到 <50K）。然而，要将测得的温度变化与表面 3D 热模型得出的温度变化相匹配，需要在尽可能类似于月球的条件下对矿物进行详细的实验室测量。特别需要两组新的实验室数据：矿物热发射光谱以及矿物和混合物的光散射特性的测量。卡西尼号航天器上的 CIRS 仪器继续返回对土星卫星表面的出色观测结果，我们建议利用这些观测结果来研究流经这些表面的内生热流和表面成分，以确定这些天体如何相互作用。特别是，这些测量将有助于限制导致土卫二南极出现间歇泉的可能机制，以及这些机制是否意味着液态水的存在。卡西尼 CIRS 对土星和土卫六大气层的观测极大地提高了我们对这些世界的了解。它们的北极地区在过去 15 年里一直处于黑暗之中，但阳光已经回归，预计两国的大气环流模式将发生巨大而迅速的变化。在这个季节，从地球上很难看到这些高极地区，因此卡西尼号提供了一个独特的环边座位来观察预期的令人着迷的变化，这些变化将用于约束这些大气的动力学模型。我们建议对天王星和海王星进行新的地面观测，以跟踪季节变化，特别是对天王星，它于 2007 年通过了北半球春分。此外，我们计划继续对木星和土星进行观测，以更好地了解瞬态变化、涡流相互作用，并为我们的卡西尼 CIRS 土星观测提供背景信息。我们最近根据英国气象局的地球气候模型开发了气态巨行星模型，该模型可以模拟木星和土星上多云“天气层”的大气环流，包括直接表示云的形成和传输。这些模型将扩展到全球范围，以研究带状急流和云自发形成的非线性湍流机制。这些将形成迄今为止获得的这些大气的一些最真实的模拟，并将通过与卡西尼 CIRS 上面讨论的观测结果直接比较来进行评估。我们计划在巴黎和开放大学的合作者的帮助下升级我们的火星气候模型，以改善灰尘扬起和运输、水文循环和地下挥发性水库的表征，从而能够研究连接这些循环的过程。我们还将提供火星全球勘测者任务新完成的火星天气同化记录，并利用火星勘测轨道器的数据扩展该记录。