Theoretical Studies of Particles & Strings

粒子的理论研究

• 批准号: ST/T000864/1
• 负责人: Gavin Salam
• 金额: $ 145.41万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FT000864%2F1
• 关键词: Theoretical; Studies; Particles; Strings

Our ultimate aim is to understand the nature of matter & forces, and the content & evolution of the universe as a whole. One of the most intriguing features of reality is what the physicist Eugene Wigner called "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences" in being able to provide an accurate & predictive description of observed phenomena. As theoretical physicists we exploit this by motivating and constructing mathematical models of physical systems, for which we also devise experimental tests whenever possible - as these are ultimately the arbiter of truth.Our focus is on the fundamental constituents of matter - particles and the hypothetical 'strings' that may underlie them. To create and study elementary particles requires accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. We also make use of natural particle beams like the high energy neutrinos generated in extreme astrophysical environments that are studied by the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. Our research addresses most of the current issues in particle & string theory. A new direction in this proposal is devising novel laboratory experiments using quantum sensors to look for subtle effects of new physical phenomena.The first part of our proposal is to improve predictions of the effects of the strong interactions that dominate the production of particles in collisions at the LHC. These collisions create showers of large numbers of known particles which have to be filtered out so that the very rare events indicating the presence of a new particle become visible. The discovery of the Higgs boson depended on such calculations; the discovery of further new particles and the efficient analysis of their properties will depend on doing those calculations to even higher precision. We will employ sophisticated mathematical techniques to calculate the 'amplitudes' which yield rates for complex processes. The Standard Model (SM) of the strong, weak & electromagnetic interactions describes experimenal data with exquisite precision but it is incomplete. It does not explain why the weak interaction scale is relatively low or why there are 3 generations of quarks & leptons, and it does not contain gravity. Moreover it does not explain why there is matter but no antimatter in the universe and what is the dark matter. Our research explores models that might remedy these defects and determine what experimental tests would be sensitive to the new 'beyond the Standard Model' physics they predict. The LHC also collides heavy ions producing a quark-gluon plasma which reaches thermal equilibrium quickly and affects the behaviour of energetic particles passing through it. To understand the properties of this strongly coupled fluid we will combine the gauge-string duality technique with other techniques. There are intriguing connections to the thermodynamics of black holes which we will explore. Extensions of the Standard Model often predict new particles that cannot be detected directly at the LHC but which can affect astrophysical & cosmological processes. An example is the axion-like-particle which arises naturally in most string theories and whose presence may be seen in astrophysical signals. An important part of our proposal is to establish in detail the signatures of such particles and devise new strategies using novel quantum sensors for detecting them in 'table top' experiments as well. We will also use high energy cosmic neutrinos to probe new phenomena well beyond the energies achievable at the LHC.String theories are a promising candidate for unifying the SM with gravity. However generally they contain many states not observed in Nature; we will continue our programme to find those consistent with the SM and calculate the 'Yukawa couplings' that correspond to observed particle masses. We will explore mathematical models such as 'causal dynamical triangulations' to see if these can capture the physics of quantum gravity.

我们的最终目的是了解物质和力的本质，以及作为一个整体的宇宙的内容和演化。现实最耐人寻味的特征之一是物理学家尤金·维格纳所说的“数学在自然科学中不合理的有效性”，它能够为观察到的现象提供准确的、可预测的描述。作为理论物理学家，我们通过激发和构建物理系统的数学模型来利用这一点，我们还尽可能地为物理系统设计实验测试-因为这些最终是真理的仲裁者。我们的重点是物质的基本成分-粒子和可能支撑它们的假设的“弦”。创造和研究基本粒子需要像欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机这样的加速器。我们还利用了自然粒子束，如南极冰立方实验研究的在极端天体物理环境中产生的高能中微子。我们的研究解决了当前粒子&弦理论中的大多数问题。这个建议的一个新方向是设计新的实验室实验，使用量子传感器来寻找新的物理现象的微妙影响。我们建议的第一部分是改善对大型强子对撞机碰撞中产生粒子的强相互作用影响的预测。这些碰撞产生了大量已知粒子的阵雨，这些粒子必须被过滤掉，这样才能看到表明新粒子存在的非常罕见的事件。希格斯玻色子的发现依赖于这样的计算；更多新粒子的发现和对其性质的有效分析将取决于以更高的精度进行这些计算。我们将使用复杂的数学技术来计算复杂过程的产出率。强、弱、电磁相互作用的标准模型(SM)精确地描述了实验数据，但它是不完整的。它没有解释为什么弱相互作用标度相对较低，也没有解释为什么有三代夸克和轻子，它也不包含引力。此外，它没有解释为什么宇宙中有物质而没有反物质，以及什么是暗物质。我们的研究探索了可能弥补这些缺陷的模型，并确定了哪些实验测试将对他们预测的新的“超越标准模型”物理敏感。大型强子对撞机还与重离子碰撞，产生夸克-胶子等离子体，该等离子体迅速达到热平衡，并影响通过它的高能粒子的行为。为了理解这种强耦合流体的性质，我们将结合规范弦对偶技术和其他技术。我们将探索与黑洞热力学有关的有趣联系。标准模型的扩展经常预测新的粒子，这些粒子不能在大型强子对撞机上直接探测到，但可以影响天体物理和宇宙过程。一个例子是类轴子粒子，它在大多数弦理论中是自然产生的，它的存在可以在天体物理信号中看到。我们建议的一个重要部分是详细建立这种粒子的特征，并设计出使用新型量子传感器的新策略，以便在“桌面”实验中检测它们。我们还将使用高能宇宙中微子来探索远远超出LHC所能获得的能量的新现象。弦理论是将SM与引力统一起来的一个有前途的候选者。然而，一般说来，它们包含许多在自然界中没有观察到的状态；我们将继续我们的计划，找到那些与SM一致的状态，并计算与观测到的粒子质量相对应的“汤川耦合”。我们将探索诸如“因果动力学三角剖分”这样的数学模型，看看它们是否能捕捉到量子引力的物理原理。

项目成果

A Search for Neutrino Point-source Populations in 7 yr of IceCube Data with Neutrino-count Statistics

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab7af9
• 发表时间: 2019-09
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: I. C. M. Aartsen;M. Ackermann;J. Adams;J. Aguilar;M. Ahlers;M. Ahrens;C. Alispach;K. Andeen;T. Anderson;I. Ansseau;G. Anton;C. Arguelles;J. Auffenberg;S. Axani;P. Backes;H. Bagherpour;X. Bai;V. A.Balagopal;A. Barbano;S. Barwick;B. Bastian;V. Baum;S. Baur;R. Bay;J. Beatty;K. Becker;J. Tjus;S. BenZvi;D. Berley;E. Bernardini;D. Besson;G. Binder;D. Bindig;E. Blaufuss;S. Blot;C. Bohm;M. Borner;S. Boser;O. Botner;J. Bottcher;E. Bourbeau;J. Bourbeau;F. Bradascio;J. Braun;S. Bron;J. Brostean-Kaiser;A. Burgman;J. Buscher;R. Busse;T. Carver;C. Chen;E. Cheung;D. Chirkin;S. Choi;K. Clark;L. Classen;A. Coleman;G. Collin;J. Conrad;P. Coppin;P. Correa;D. Cowen;R. Cross;P. Dave;C. Clercq;J. DeLaunay;H. Dembinski;K. Deoskar;S. Ridder;P. Desiati;K. D. Vries;G. Wasseige;M. With;T. DeYoung;A. Diaz;J. C. D'iaz-V'elez;H. Dujmovic;M. Dunkman;E. Dvorak;B. Eberhardt;T. Ehrhardt;P. Eller;R. Engel;P. Evenson;S. Fahey;A. Fazely;J. Felde;K. Filimonov;C. Finley;A. Franckowiak;E. Friedman;A. Fritz;T. Gaisser;J. Gallagher;E. Ganster;S. Garrappa;L. Gerhardt;K. Ghorbani;T. Glauch;T. Glusenkamp;A. Goldschmidt;J. G. Gonzalez;D. Grant;Z. Griffith;S. Griswold;M. Gunder;M. Gunduz;C. Haack;A. Hallgren;L. Halve;F. Halzen;K. Hanson;A. Haungs;D. Hebecker;D. Heereman;P. Heix;K. Helbing;R. Hellauer;F. Henningsen;S. Hickford;J. Hignight;G. Hill;K. Hoffman;R. Hoffmann;T. Hoinka;B. Hokanson-Fasig;K. Hoshina;F. Huang;M. Huber;T. Huber;K. Hultqvist;Mirco Hünnefeld;R. Hussain;S. In;N. Iovine;A. Ishihara;G. Japaridze;M. Jeong;K. Jero;B. Jones;F. Jonske;R. Joppe;D. Kang;W. Kang;A. Kappes;D. Kappesser;T. Karg;M. Karl;A. Karle;U. Katz;M. Kauer;J. Kelley;A. Kheirandish;J. Kim;T. Kintscher;J. Kiryluk;T. Kittler;S. Klein;R. Koirala;H. Kolanoski;L. Kopke;C. Kopper;S. Kopper;D. Koskinen;M. Kowalski;K. Krings;G. Kruckl;N. Kulacz;N. Kurahashi;A. Kyriacou;M. Labare;J. Lanfranchi;M. Larson;F. Lauber;J. Lazar;K. Leonard;A. Leszczy'nska;M. Leuermann;Q. Liu;E. Lohfink;C. J. L. Mariscal;L. Lu;F. Lucarelli;J. Lunemann;W. Luszczak;Y. Lyu;W. Ma;J. Madsen;G. Maggi;K. Mahn;Y. Makino;P. Mallik;K. Mallot;S. Mancina;I. Marics;R. Maruyama;K. Mase;R. Maunu;F. McNally;K. Meagher;M. Medici;A. Medina;M. Meier;S. Meighen-Berger;T. Menne;G. Merino;T. Meures;J. Micallef;D. Mockler;G. Moment'e;T. Montaruli;R. Moore;R. Morse;M. Moulai;P. Muth;R. Nagai;U. Naumann;G. Neer;H. Niederhausen;S. Nowicki;D. Nygren;A. Pollmann;M. Oehler;A. Olivas;A. O'Murchadha;E. O’Sullivan;T. Palczewski;H. Pandya;D. Pankova;N. Park;P. Peiffer;C. Heros;S. Philippen;D. Pieloth;E. Pinat;A. Pizzuto;M. Plum;A. Porcelli;P. Price;G. Przybylski;C. Raab;A. Raissi;M. Rameez;L. Rauch;K. Rawlins;I. C. Rea;R. Reimann;B. Relethford;M. Renschler;G. Renzi;E. Resconi;W. Rhode;M. Richman;S. Robertson;N. Rodd;M. Rongen;C. Rott;T. Ruhe;D. Ryckbosch;D. Rysewyk;I. Safa;B. Safdi;S. Herrera;A. Sandrock;J. Sandroos;M. Santander;S. Sarkar;K. Satalecka;M. Schaufel;H. Schieler;P. Schlunder;T. Schmidt;A. Schneider;J. Schneider;F. Schroder;L. Schumacher;S. Sclafani;D. Seckel;S. Seunarine;S. Shefali;M. Silva;R. Snihur;J. Soedingrekso;D. Soldin;M. Song;G. Spiczak;C. Spiering;J. Stachurska;M. Stamatikos;T. Stanev;R. Stein;P. Steinmuller;J. Stettner;A. Steuer;T. Stezelberger;R. Stokstad;A. Stossl;N. Strotjohann;T. Sturwald;T. Stuttard;G. Sullivan;I. Taboada;F. Tenholt;S. Ter-Antonyan;A. Terliuk;S. Tilav;K. Tollefson;L. Tomankova;C. Tonnis;S. Toscano;D. Tosi;A. Trettin;M. Tselengidou;C. Tung;A. Turcati;R. Turcotte;C. Turley;B. Ty;E. Unger;M. U. Elorrieta;M. Usner;J. Vandenbroucke;W. Driessche;D. Eijk;N. Eijndhoven;S. Vanheule;J. Santen;M. Vraeghe;C. Walck;A. Wallace;M. Wallraff;N. Wandkowsky;T. B. Watson;C. Weaver;A. Weindl;M. Weiss;J. Weldert;C. Wendt;J. Werthebach;B. Whelan;N. Whitehorn;K. Wiebe;C. Wiebusch;L. Wille;D. Williams;L. Wills;M. Wolf;J. Wood;T. R. Wood;K. Woschnagg;G. Wrede;D. Xu;X. Xu;Y. Xu;J. Yáñez;G. Yodh;S. Yoshida;T. Yuan;M. Zocklein

Searching for eV-scale sterile neutrinos with eight years of atmospheric neutrinos at the IceCube Neutrino Telescope

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.052009
• 发表时间: 2020-05
• 期刊: Physical Review D
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: M. Aartsen;R. Abbasi;M. Ackermann;J. Adams;J. Aguilar;M. Ahlers;M. Ahrens;C. Alispach;N. M. Amin;K. Andeen;T. Anderson;I. Ansseau;G. Anton;C. Arguelles;J. Auffenberg;S. Axani;H. Bagherpour;X. Bai;V. A.Balagopal;A. Barbano;S. Barwick;B. Bastian;V. Basu;V. Baum;S. Baur;R. Bay;J. Beatty;K. Becker;J. Tjus;S. BenZvi;D. Berley;E. Bernardini;D. Besson;G. Binder;D. Bindig;E. Blaufuss;S. Blot;C. Bohm;S. Boser;O. Botner;J. Bottcher;E. Bourbeau;J. Bourbeau;F. Bradascio;J. Braun;S. Bron;J. Brostean-Kaiser;A. Burgman;J. Buscher;R. Busse;T. Carver;C. Chen;E. Cheung;D. Chirkin;S. Choi;B. Clark;K. Clark;L. Classen;A. Coleman;G. Collin;J. Conrad;P. Coppin;P. Correa;D. Cowen;R. Cross;P. Dave;C. Clercq;J. DeLaunay;H. Dembinski;K. Deoskar;S. Ridder;A. Desai;P. Desiati;K. D. Vries;G. Wasseige;M. With;T. DeYoung;S. Dharani;A. Diaz;J. C. D'iaz-V'elez;H. Dujmovic;M. Dunkman;M. DuVernois;E. Dvorak;T. Ehrhardt;P. Eller;R. Engel;P. Evenson;S. Fahey;A. Fazely;A. Fedynitch;J. Felde;A. Fienberg;K. Filimonov;C. Finley;D. Fox;A. Franckowiak;E. Friedman;A. Fritz;T. Gaisser;J. Gallagher;E. Ganster;S. Garrappa;L. Gerhardt;T. Glauch;T. Glusenkamp;A. Goldschmidt;J. G. Gonzalez;D. Grant;T. Gr'egoire;Z. Griffith;S. Griswold;M. Gunder;M. Gunduz;C. Haack;A. Hallgren;R. Halliday;L. Halve;F. Halzen;K. Hanson;J. Hardin;A. Haungs;S. Hauser;D. Hebecker;D. Heereman;P. Heix;K. Helbing;R. Hellauer;F. Henningsen;S. Hickford;J. Hignight;G. Hill;K. Hoffman;R. Hoffmann;T. Hoinka;B. Hokanson-Fasig;K. Hoshina;F. Huang;M. Huber;T. Huber;K. Hultqvist;Mirco Hünnefeld;R. Hussain;S. In;N. Iovine;A. Ishihara;M. Jansson;G. Japaridze;M. Jeong;B. Jones;F. Jonske;R. Joppe;D. Kang;W. Kang;A. Kappes;D. Kappesser;T. Karg;M. Karl;A. Karle;U. Katz;M. Kauer;M. Kellermann;J. Kelley;A. Kheirandish;J. Kim;T. Kintscher;J. Kiryluk;T. Kittler;S. Klein;R. Koirala;H. Kolanoski;L. Kopke;C. Kopper;S. Kopper;D. Koskinen;P. Koundal;M. Kowalski;K. Krings;G. Kruckl;N. Kulacz;N. Kurahashi;A. Kyriacou;J. Lanfranchi;M. Larson;F. Lauber;J. Lazar;K. Leonard;A. Leszczy'nska;Y. Li;Q. Liu;E. Lohfink;C. J. L. Mariscal;L. Lu;F. Lucarelli;A. Ludwig;J. Lunemann;W. Luszczak;Y. Lyu;W. Ma;J. Madsen;G. Maggi;K. Mahn;Y. Makino;P. Mallik;S. Mancina;I. Marics;R. Maruyama;K. Mase;R. Maunu;F. McNally;K. Meagher;M. Medici;A. Medina;M. Meier;S. Meighen-Berger;J. Merz;T. Meures;J. Micallef;D. Mockler;G. Moment'e;T. Montaruli;R. Moore;R. Morse;M. Moulai;P. Muth;R. Nagai;U. Naumann;G. Neer;L. Nguyen;H. Niederhausen;M. Nisa;S. Nowicki;D. Nygren;A. Pollmann;M. Oehler;A. Olivas;A. O'Murchadha;E. O’Sullivan;T. Palczewski;H. Pandya;D. Pankova;N. Park;G. K. Parker;E. Paudel;P. Peiffer;C. Heros;S. Philippen;D. Pieloth;S. Pieper;E. Pinat;A. Pizzuto;M. Plum;Y. Popovych;A. Porcelli;M. Rodriguez;P. Price;G. Przybylski;C. Raab;A. Raissi;M. Rameez;L. Rauch;K. Rawlins;I. C. Rea;A. Rehman;R. Reimann;B. Relethford;M. Renschler;G. Renzi;E. Resconi;W. Rhode;M. Richman;B. Riedel;S. Robertson;M. Rongen;C. Rott;T. Ruhe;D. Ryckbosch;D. Cantu;I. Safa;S. Herrera;A. Sandrock;J. Sandroos;M. Santander;S. Sarkar;K. Satalecka;M. Scharf;M. Schaufel;H. Schieler;P. Schlunder;T. Schmidt;A. Schneider;J. Schneider;F. Schroder;L. Schumacher;S. Sclafani;D. Seckel;S. Seunarine;S. Shefali;M. Silva;B. Smithers;R. Snihur;J. Soedingrekso;D. Soldin;M. Song;G. Spiczak;C. Spiering;J. Stachurska;M. Stamatikos;T. Stanev;R. Stein;J. Stettner;A. Steuer;T. Stezelberger;R. Stokstad;A. Stossl;N. Strotjohann;T. Sturwald;T. Stuttard;G. Sullivan;I. Taboada;F. Tenholt;S. Ter-Antonyan;A. Terliuk;S. Tilav;K. Tollefson;L. Tomankova;C. Tonnis;S. Toscano;D. Tosi;A. Trettin;M. Tselengidou;C. Tung;A. Turcati;R. Turcotte;C. Turley;B. Ty;E. Unger;M. U. Elorrieta;M. Usner;J. Vandenbroucke;W. Driessche;D. Eijk;N. Eijndhoven;D. Vannerom;J. Santen;S. Verpoest;M. Vraeghe;C. Walck;A. Wallace;M. Wallraff;T. B. Watson;C. Weaver;A. Weindl;M. Weiss;J. Weldert;C. Wendt;J. Werthebach;B. Whelan;N. Whitehorn;K. Wiebe;C. Wiebusch;D. Williams;L. Wills;M. Wolf;T. R. Wood;K. Woschnagg;G. Wrede;J. Wulff;X. Xu;Y. Xu;J. Yáñez;G. Yodh;S. Yoshida;T. Yuan;Z. Zhang;M. Zocklein

The Dark Machines Anomaly Score Challenge : Benchmark Data and Model Independent Event Classification for the Large Hadron Collider

黑暗机器异常分数挑战：大型强子对撞机的基准数据和模型独立事件分类

• DOI: 10.18154/rwth-2022-06596
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Aarrestad T

IceCube Search for Neutrinos Coincident with Compact Binary Mergers from LIGO-Virgo’s First Gravitational-wave Transient Catalog

IceCube 搜索中微子与 LIGO-Virgo 第一个引力波瞬态目录中的紧凑二元合并同时发生

• DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9d24
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: Aartsen, M. G.;Ackermann, M.;Adams, J.;Aguilar, J. A.;Ahlers, M.;Ahrens, M.;Alispach, C.;Andeen, K.;Anderson, T.;Ansseau, I.
• 通讯作者: Ansseau, I.