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Birmingham Nuclear Physics Consolidated Grant 2023

伯明翰核物理综合赠款 2023

基本信息

批准号：
ST/Y00034X/1
负责人：
David Evans
金额：
$ 211.48万
依托单位：
University of Birmingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2024
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2024 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FY00034X%2F1
关键词：
Birmingham Nuclear Physics Consolidated Grant

项目摘要

Our proposed research has two broad themes that build upon our world leading areas of expertise. The first of these involves the study of high-energy nuclear collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's highest energy particle accelerator. The aim of the ALICE experiment is to study nuclear matter, as it would have existed about a millionth of a second after the Big Bang when the Universe was so hot and so dense that nuclei did not exist. In its primordial state nuclear matter consists of its fundamental constituents (quarks and gluons) in a plasma state. We recreate this novel state of matter in our experiment and we are developing ways of studying these high-energy nuclear collisions to discover the properties of the quark-gluon plasma. This is technically challenging and the group has developed a sophisticated electronic trigger system that controls the experiment and is entirely responsible for it. The quark-gluon plasma has remarkable properties, such as an abundance of strange quarks and near-perfect fluidity. In this proposal, we are trying to determine whether size matters by finding the smallest drop of plasma that still retains these properties. We are using grazing collisions to explore the internal structure of nuclei at high energy. And we are looking at the debris of quarks and gluons that are sometimes scattered out of the collision, producing a shower of particles in our detector known as a jet, to study the conditions inside the plasma. We are also performing R&D into new detector technologies based on silicon pixel detectors in which the readout electronics is contained within the pixel.What happens in stars: the cooking pots of the Universe and how the structure of the nuclei involved in these reactions influences the formation of elements is at the centre of Theme 2's research portfolio. From red-giant stars which burn helium to some of the most explosive events known, such as X-ray bursts and supernovae - out-shining galaxies, albeit for a short time - the structure of nuclei play a pivotal role. The interplay between neutrons and protons within the nucleus can have a very significant impact on such astrophysical processes. One manifestation of the nuclear force is the observation of clustering in which protons and neutrons clump together inside larger nuclei, for example into alpha particles (two protons and two neutrons). The strong force is highly complex, which makes theoretical predictions formidable, so our research makes extremely precise measurements of how light nuclei interact. By detecting all the fragments of such collisions we can rebuild the nuclear system from which they originated to reveal detailed properties and also measure how quickly nuclei will combine together in stellar environments. These results can then be used to improve models of these colossal energy-release events taking place and that have led to the abundance of elements we find on earth. Finally, we are developing an experimental programme to exploit gamma-ray and neutron beams. Gamma rays allow the structure of nuclei to be probed with great precision through their electromagnetic properties. Conversely, uncharged neutrons are capable of transmuting elements even at low energies and reveal information about the most important matter-producing reactions in the Universe. This is possible due to Birmingham's new high-intensity neutron facility which is able to mimic what happens in the stars in our laboratory.

我们提出的研究有两个广泛的主题，它们建立在我们世界领先的专业领域的基础上。其中第一个涉及世界上能量最高的粒子加速器大型强子对撞机上的高能核碰撞研究。爱丽丝实验的目的是研究核物质，因为在宇宙大爆炸后大约百万分之一秒的时间里，核物质就已经存在了，当时宇宙是如此之热和如此密集，以至于原子核还不存在。在其原始状态下，核物质由其等离子体状态的基本成分(夸克和胶子)组成。我们在实验中重建了这种新的物质状态，我们正在开发研究这些高能核碰撞的方法，以发现夸克-胶子等离子体的性质。这在技术上具有挑战性，该团队已经开发出一种复杂的电子触发系统来控制实验并对其完全负责。夸克-胶子等离子体具有显著的性质，如丰富的奇异夸克和近乎完美的流动性。在这项提议中，我们试图通过找到仍保留这些性质的最小一滴等离子体来确定大小是否重要。我们正在利用掠射碰撞来探索高能原子核的内部结构。我们正在观察夸克和胶子的碎片，这些碎片有时会从碰撞中散射出来，在我们的探测器中产生粒子阵雨，称为喷流，以研究等离子体内部的条件。我们还在研发基于硅像素探测器的新探测器技术，其中读出的电子设备包含在像素内。恒星中发生的事情：宇宙的烹饪锅，以及参与这些反应的原子核的结构如何影响元素的形成，是主题2 S研究文件的中心。从燃烧氦的红巨星到一些已知的最具爆炸性的事件，如X射线爆发和超新星--闪耀的星系，尽管时间很短--原子核的结构发挥了关键作用。原子核内的中子和质子之间的相互作用可以对这种天体物理过程产生非常重大的影响。核力的一个表现是观察到质子和中子在较大的原子核内聚集在一起，例如形成阿尔法粒子(两个质子和两个中子)。这种强大的作用力非常复杂，这使得理论预测变得令人敬畏，所以我们的研究对轻核如何相互作用进行了极其精确的测量。通过检测这种碰撞的所有碎片，我们可以重建它们起源的核系统，以揭示详细的性质，并测量在恒星环境中原子核结合的速度。然后，这些结果可以用来改进这些巨大的能量释放事件的模型，这些事件导致了我们在地球上发现的丰富的元素。最后，我们正在制定一项利用伽马射线和中子束的实验方案。伽马射线可以通过原子核的电磁特性非常精确地探测原子核的结构。相反，未带电的中子即使在低能量下也能使元素变形，并揭示宇宙中最重要的产生物质的反应的信息。这是可能的，这要归功于伯明翰的新的高强度中子设备，它能够模拟我们实验室中恒星发生的事情。