Development of activated carbons from Tyre Char for Carbon Capture and storage, for application in the global Cement Industry

针对点源排放者（主要是燃烧发电厂）的碳捕集与封存（CCS）的国际部署被认为是将二氧化碳排放量控制在联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCC）目标范围内的唯一途径，同时不会扰乱全球能源或工业需求（IPPC, 2014） （DECC, 2012）。人类活动持续释放二氧化碳的主要原因是发展中经济体（煤炭）和发达国家（天然气）不断使用化石燃料发电，同时使用家庭燃料（取暖和烹饪）。全球二氧化碳的另一个主要来源是为全球建筑业生产水泥熟料。水泥制造是工业二氧化碳的最大单一工业来源，占全球排放量的约5%。它被认为是仅次于中国和美国的全球第三大二氧化碳排放源。众所周知，从废气中分离二氧化碳的过程是一个高度能源密集型的过程（使用了典型发电站高达40%的输出），占用了现有CCS系统的大部分成本，因此这些CCS过程中的捕获机制效率非常低。由于二氧化碳与胺的高结合能，一旦二氧化碳被捕获，从胺溶液中解吸二氧化碳需要大量的热量，因此效率低下。在一个典型的CCS改造电厂中，这可以使每千瓦时的电力成本增加80%。二氧化碳捕获的另一种方法是通过吸附到活性炭上，活性炭是一种具有非常高表面积的工程有机物质。重点研究成果将是开发一种新型的基于活性炭吸附剂的“CO2捕集”系统，以实现水泥窑废气中CO2的分离和浓缩。该系统中使用的碳的建议原料将是轮胎热解产生的炭。通过对热解过程的仔细选择和分析，以及各种优化和材料加工技术的应用，应该可以显著提高所得活性炭对二氧化碳的吸附能力。作为活性炭，炭的价值将显著提高。通常，活性炭的售价超过每吨1000英镑，价格与应用的专业化有关。用于特殊用途（如二氧化碳捕获）的活性炭将比基本的水处理碳具有更高的价值。这样，对浓缩二氧化碳的管理就容易得多了。例如，它可以被泵送用于安全储存（CCS），从而有助于减少与发电水泥制造或特殊建筑应用（水泥碳化）中二氧化碳释放相关的全球变暖效应。EPSRC研究领域：碳捕获与封存

International deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) for point-source emitters (primarily combustion power plants) is considered as the only way to control CO2 emissions to within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) targets, whilst not disrupting global energy or industrial demands (IPPC, 2014) (DECC, 2012). The continued release of CO2 from human activities is mainly due to ongoing power generation from fossil fuel usage in developing economies (coal) and in developed countries (natural gas) alongside domestic fuel usage (heating and cooking). The other major global source of CO2 is from the production of cement clinker for the global construction industry. Cement manufacture is the single largest industrial source of industrial CO2, accounting for ~ 5% of global emission. It is rated as the third largest global source of CO2 after the economies of China and the USA. It is well recognised that the process of separating the CO2 from waste flue-gases is a highly energy intensive process (using up to 40% of the output from a typical power station), entailing the majority of the cost of existent CCS systems, hence the capture mechanism in these CCS processes is very inefficient. This inefficiency arises because significant heat is required to desorb the CO2 from the amine solution once it has been captured, due to the high binding energy of the CO2 to the amine. In a typical CCS retrofitted power plant, this can increase the electricity cost per KWh by 80%. An alternative methodology for CO2 capture is by adsorption on to activated carbon, which is an engineered organic matter with a very high surface area. he key research output will be the development of a novel activated carbon adsorbent-based "CO2 capture" system to achieve the separation and concentration of the CO2 from the waste gas stream of cement kilns. The proposed feedstock for the carbon used in the system will be the char from tyre pyrolysis. Through careful selection and analysis of the pyrolysis process, alongside the application of various optimisation and material processing techniques, it should be feasible to significantly enhance the adsorption of carbon dioxide by the resulting activated carbons. As an activated carbon, the char's value will increase significantly. Typically, activated carbon is sold for over £1000/tonne, with the price being linked to the specialisation of the application. An Activated carbon for specialist uses (such as CO2 capture), would be of a much higher value than basic water treatment carbons. The management of the concentrated CO2 is then much more readily achieved. For example, it can be pumped to secure storage (CCS), thus helping to reduce the global warming effect associated with CO2 release from cement manufacture of electricity generation or applied in specialist construction applications (cementitious carbonation).EPSRC research area :Carbon Capture and Storage