Aural media as a tool for the consolidation of identity: Mapuche uses of sound for asserting cultural & territorial autonomy in contemporary Argentina

听觉媒体作为巩固身份的工具：马普切人利用声音来维护文化

• 批准号: 2277124
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2277124
• 关键词: Aural; media; tool; consolidation; identity

The use of aural media, particularly radio broadcast, has contributed to the maintenance of indigenous Argentines in a position of alterity - by delegitimising political struggles as "troublesome", and by suppressing and misrepresenting indigenous culture (Carcámo-Huechante, 2013: 53). Some Mapuche organisations have utilised radio as a medium through which collective identity can be consolidated - e.g. MapUrbe in Bariloche (Carcámo-Huechante, 2013; Briones, 2007). By broadcasting in Mapudungun (the Mapuche language) and using various sounds, music and oral testimonies, activists and cultural producers are aiming to mapuchize the culture around them Efforts to consolidate self-determined indigenous identities cannot be separated from resistance to the expropriation of ancestral territories and the destructive exploitation of natural resources (Escobar, 2008). Petras & Veltmeyer (2015) have documented the "extractive imperialism" that drove the neo-developmentalist model of economic growth characteristic of Latin America's Pink Tide; responding to a global boom in prices for natural resources, governments intensified resource extraction and used the increased revenues from exports to drive state-led development projects. This has fuelled twenty-first-century conflicts between indigenous communities and state/corporate interests. Although Macri's election signals a crisis of neo-developmentalism, it has also led to intensified extractivism - as exemplified by recent shale gas exploration in Vaca Muerta, Neuquén - resulting in greater conflict between Mapuche groups and the Argentine state. Hegemonic aural media plays a prominent role in perpetuating the negation of this reality, silencing and misrepresenting Mapuche perspectives (Fischer). Conversely, the articulation of Mapuche culture, language and identity through the airwaves is part of the struggle for territorial autonomy against extractivism. This project, therefore, seeks to determine:How has Mapuche cultural production - specifically through music, radio and online aural media - enabled the consolidation of Mapuche identity, in the context of territorial struggle and resistance to extractivism in Argentine Patagonia?Sub-questions will explore the following:What have been the effects of the changing media landscape in Argentina, driven by technological developments, on these processes of Mapuche cultural production?What are the dynamics of the relationship between the assertion of reconfigured Mapuche identities and struggles for territorial autonomy and self-determination?How do these processes fit into indigenous politics on a national level? How does anti-extractivism interact with the transformations in Argentina's national self-image?Methodology and critical approachesThis type of research naturally involves qualitative data and will require a largely interpretive methodology. My outlook is primarily cultural, while I also draw from anthropology. As such, my project addresses the processes of cultural production and the cultural products themselves. Therefore, my research design requires a mixed-methods interdisciplinary approach, combining the collection and analysis of audio texts - items of aural media - with that of ethnographic data and interviews.The audio texts I will be collecting fall into four categories: (1) music; (2) conversations on recorded radio shows and podcasts; (3) news reports; (4) testimonies/stories.Ethnographic data will be gathered through observation, looking at the social and cognitive processes involved in the production of aural media in specific Mapuche communities in Patagonia.To corroborate this, I will conduct recorded semi-structured interviews, in particular with people involved in Mapuche aural media production - organisers, presenters and performers - as well as community figures.

听觉媒体的使用，特别是无线电广播，通过将政治斗争非法化为“麻烦”，以及通过压制和歪曲土著文化，有助于维持阿根廷土著人的另类地位（Carcámo-Huechante，2013：53）。一些马普切人组织利用广播作为巩固集体认同的媒介，例如巴里洛切的MapUrbe（Carcámo-Huechante，2013; Briones，2007）。活动家和文化制作人通过用Mapudungun（马普切语）广播和使用各种声音、音乐和口头证词，旨在将他们周围的文化马普切化（mapuchize）。Petras & Veltmeyer（2015）记录了“掠夺性帝国主义”，这种帝国主义推动了拉丁美洲粉红潮的新发展主义经济增长模式;为了应对全球自然资源价格上涨，政府加强了资源开采，并利用出口增加的收入来推动国家主导的发展项目。这加剧了土著社区与国家/公司利益之间的世纪冲突。尽管马克里的当选标志着新发展主义的危机，但它也导致了采掘主义的加剧--内乌肯州瓦卡穆埃尔塔最近的页岩气勘探就是例证--导致马普切群体和阿根廷政府之间的冲突加剧。霸权的听觉媒体在延续对这一现实的否定、压制和歪曲马普切人的观点方面发挥了突出作用（菲舍尔）。相反，通过广播表达马普切人的文化、语言和身份，是反对掠夺主义争取领土自治斗争的一部分。因此，本项目旨在确定：在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚地区的领土斗争和对榨取主义的抵制背景下，马普切人的文化生产-特别是通过音乐、广播和在线听觉媒体-是如何巩固马普切人的身份的？分问题将探讨以下问题：在技术发展的推动下，阿根廷不断变化的媒体格局对马普切文化生产过程产生了哪些影响？重新调整的马普切人身份的主张与争取领土自治和自决的斗争之间的关系是什么？这些进程如何融入国家一级的土著政治？反采掘主义如何与阿根廷国家自我形象的转变相互作用？方法论和批判性方法这种类型的研究自然涉及定性数据，并将需要一个主要的解释性方法。我的观点主要是文化的，同时我也从人类学中汲取。因此，我的项目涉及文化生产过程和文化产品本身。因此，我的研究设计需要一种混合方法的跨学科方法，将音频文本（听觉媒体项目）的收集和分析与民族志数据和访谈相结合。（4）证词/故事。人种学数据将通过观察收集，观察巴塔哥尼亚特定马普切社区听觉媒体制作所涉及的社会和认知过程。为了证实这一点，我将进行半结构化访谈记录，特别是与参与马普切有声媒体制作的人员--组织者、主持人和表演者--以及社区人物。