Causal Effects of Schooling on Adult and Child Health

描述（由申请人提供）：在大多数国家，上学与更好的健康相关行为和更好的健康/死亡率结果呈正相关，直接和间接地通过各种途径。但这些关联并不衡量多少学校教育导致更好的健康相关行为和更好的健康/死亡率结果。学校教育可能在一定程度上代表了未观察到的天赋，包括家庭背景和遗传学，这些天赋对健康行为和健康/死亡率结果具有因果影响。该项目的主要目标是调查因果路径连接教育与健康和死亡率，净捐赠，使用来自中国，丹麦和美国的双胞胎的五个数据集，虽然数据集之间的信息重叠很大，每个都有不同的优势。通过一起检查它们，有希望在理解上学对健康相关行为和健康/死亡率结果的因果影响方面有一个量的增长，净捐赠，对于不同背景下不同出生队列中的女性和男性。具体目标是：（1）研究自己的教育与自己和配偶的健康相关行为以及健康结果和儿童健康结果之间的简化形式关系，净禀赋。(2)调查间接途径-如先前的健康相关行为，健康状况，婚姻状况-通过这些途径，学校教育影响自己和配偶的健康相关行为和健康结果以及儿童健康结果。(3)调查教育投资在多大程度上对健康和其他与路径相关的捐赠做出反应。(4)调查上述估计值在多大程度上存在差异：（a）禀赋是否被忽略或代表不完全，（B）男女之间，（c）出生队列之间，（d）对某些疾病有遗传倾向的个人，（e）由于非线性而导致的不同教育水平，（f）是否考虑学校的特点，而不仅仅是学校的年级，（g）与健康有关的行为与健康结果，（h）身体健康与精神/心理健康，（i）不同的市场和政策背景。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Schooling is positively associated with better health-related behaviors and better health/mortality outcomes in most countries, both directly and indirectly through various pathways. But these associations do not measure by how much schooling causes better health-related behaviors and better health/mortality outcomes. Schooling may be proxying in part for unobserved endowments including family background and genetics that have causal effects on health behaviors and health/mortality outcomes. This project's principal goal is to investigate causal pathways linking schooling to health and mortality, net of endowments, using five data sets on twins from China, Denmark and the U.S. Though the information overlap across the data sets is large, each has different strengths. By examining them together there is the promise of a quantum increase in understanding of causal effects of schooling on health-related behaviors and health/mortality outcomes, net of endowments, for females and males in different birth cohorts in different contexts. Specific aims are: (1) To investigate reduced-form relations, net of endowments, between own schooling and own and spouse health-related behaviors and health outcomes and child health outcomes. (2) To investigate indirect pathways - such as prior health-related behaviors, health status, marital status -- through which schooling affects own and spouse health-related behaviors and health outcomes and child health outcomes. (3) To investigate to what extent schooling investments respond to health and other endowments associated with the pathways. (4) To investigate to what extent the estimates above differ (a) if endowments are ignored or represented imperfectly, (b) between females and males, (c) across birth cohorts, (d) for individuals with genetic predispositions towards certain diseases, (e) across schooling levels due to nonlinearities, (f) if characteristics of schools and not just grades of schooling are considered, (g) for health-related behaviors versus health outcomes, (h) for physical versus mental/psychological health, (i) for different market and policy contexts.