Foundational cognitive skills in developing countries: early-life nutritional, climatic and policy determinants and impacts on adolescent education, socio-emotional competencies and risky behaviors

发展中国家的基本认知技能：生命早期营养、气候和政策决定因素以及对青少年教育、社会情感能力和危险行为的影响

• 批准号: 10013277
• 负责人: JERE R BEHRMAN
• 金额: $ 15.76万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-15 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10013277
• 关键词: Address; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adult; Adverse effects; Affect; Africa; Age; Asia; Behavior; Biological; Birth; Child; Child Development; Childhood; Climate; Competence; Computers; Country; Crime; Data; Data Analyses; Data Collection; Data Set; Developing Countries; Development; Economic Development; Education; Educational Status; Emotional; Ethiopia; Ethiopian; Event; Exposure to; Face; Foundations; Goals; Health; Household; Income; India; Individual; Intervention; Investments; Knowledge; Lead; Learning; Life; Living Standards; Longitudinal Studies; Malnutrition; Measurement; Measures; Memory; Nutritional; Nutritional status; Outcome; Outcome Measure; Personal Satisfaction; Peru; Peruvian; Play; Policies; Poverty; Recovery; Research; Resource Allocation; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Role; Running; Sampling; Schools; Short-Term Memory; Siblings; Social Development; Social Policies; South America; Sustainable Development; Testing; United Nations; Variant; Vietnam; aged; boys; cognitive reappraisal; cognitive skill; cognitive testing; cohort; design; early childhood; early-life nutrition; economic outcome; emotion regulation; evidence base; executive function; girls; indexing; interest; life-long learning; low and middle-income countries; middle childhood; negative affect; novel; nutrition; population based; programs; public health relevance; remediation; skill acquisition; socioeconomics; success; touchscreen

PROJECT SUMMARY: Early undernutrition is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and it is widely claimed that unless undernutrition is addressed in the first 1,000 days, it has long-lasting and almost irreversible consequences. Climatic variation also is considerable in many LMICs and widely claimed to have substantial impacts on child development, with long-run consequences. However, there is little population-based evidence about mechanisms through which early-life undernutrition and climatic variations lead to poorer adolescent and adult outcomes and whether early-life deficits may be mitigated. This project will investigate the potential impact of undernutrition and climatic variations on a set of foundational cognitive skills (FCS), importantly including executive function (EF), which remains malleable throughout childhood and adolescence. EF increasingly has been found to be a key domain of child development and a key predictor of educational success and possibly correlated with non-cognitive skills development and risky behaviors. However, most evidence comes from high- income countries (HICs) and there is very little evidence about the determinants of and the impacts of FCS in LMICs, where conditions are much different (e.g. greater early-life undernutrition and climatic variations). The Specific Aims (SA) are to investigate: (SA1) the determinants of FCS in late childhood, including (SA1a) early- life nutrition; (SA1b) climatic variations; and (SA1c) social policies; and (SA2) the impacts of late childhood FCS on adolescent educational achievements, socio-emotional competencies and risky behaviors. Each of these specific aims will examine differences for boys versus girls. The project will use unique data on a set of FCS measures collected in Ethiopia and Peru as part of the Young Lives Study (YLS), the largest multi-country cohort dataset on childhood poverty and wellbeing in LMICs. That the YLS data are longitudinal and comparable measures have been collected across very different countries make these data uniquely well-suited for examination of longer-term impacts of early-life deficits on a variety of outcomes measured at ages 5,8,12 and 15 years. The data collected in 2013 for ~4,000 children in Ethiopia and Peru and ~2,000 of their immediate siblings included RACER (Rapid Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Regulation), a novel touch-screen computer application designed to obtain measurements of a set of FCS: working memory, inhibition (both of which are considered EF), declarative memory and implicit learning. These data are unique, rarely available from LMICs and not previously available for large samples. The analysis promises significant contributions for (1) deeper understanding of how early-life nutrition, climatic variations and other events affect FCS, (2) how policy interventions can help mitigate the effects of early childhood poverty through affecting EF in contexts of two countries at very different stages of economic and social development, (3) what are the impacts of late childhood FCS on adolescent outcomes, and (4) assessing the value of undertaking similar data collection and analysis at other ages and in other LMICs, possibly including the other YLS countries, India and Viet Nam.

项目概要： 早期营养不良在低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC) 非常普遍，人们普遍认为， 除非在最初 1,000 天内解决营养不良问题，否则该问题将长期持续且几乎不可逆转 结果。许多中低收入国家的气候变化也相当大，人们普遍认为气候变化对气候变化有很大影响。 对儿童发展产生影响，并产生长期后果。然而，基于人群的证据很少 关于生命早期营养不良和气候变化导致青少年和儿童贫困的机制 成人结局以及早期生命缺陷是否可以得到缓解。该项目将调查潜在影响 营养不良和气候变化对一系列基本认知技能（FCS）的影响，重要的是包括 执行功能（EF），在整个童年和青春期保持可塑性。 EF 越来越多地 被发现是儿童发展的关键领域，也是教育成功的关键预测因素，并且可能是 与非认知技能发展和危险行为相关。然而，大多数证据来自高 收入国家 (HIC) 中的 FCS 的决定因素和影响的证据很少 中低收入国家，其条件有很大不同（例如，早期营养不良和气候变化更大）。这 具体目标 (SA) 是调查： (SA1) 儿童晚期 FCS 的决定因素，包括 (SA1a) 早期- 生活营养； (SA1b) 气候变化； (SA1c) 社会政策； (SA2) 儿童晚期 FCS 的影响 关于青少年的教育成就、社会情感能力和危险行为。这些中的每一个 具体目标将考察男孩与女孩的差异。该项目将使用一组 FCS 的独特数据 作为最大的多国队列年轻生命研究 (YLS) 的一部分，在埃塞俄比亚和秘鲁收集的措施 中低收入国家儿童贫困和福祉数据集。 YLS 数据是纵向的且具有可比性 这些数据是在不同国家收集的，因此非常适合 检查早期生命缺陷对 5、8、12 岁和 15 年。 2013 年收集的数据涉及埃塞俄比亚和秘鲁约 4,000 名儿童以及约 2,000 名他们的直系亲属 兄弟姐妹包括 RACER（认知和情绪调节快速评估），一种新颖的触摸屏 计算机应用程序旨在获得一组 FCS 的测量值：工作记忆、抑制（两者均 被认为是 EF）、陈述性记忆和内隐学习。这些数据是独一无二的，很少能从 LMIC 以前不可用于大样本。该分析有望对 (1) 做出重大贡献 更深入地了解生命早期营养、气候变化和其他事件如何影响 FCS，(2) 政策如何影响 FCS 干预措施可以通过影响两种背景下的 EF 来帮助减轻幼儿贫困的影响 处于不同经济和社会发展阶段的国家，(3) 儿童晚期的影响是什么 关于青少年结局的 FCS，以及 (4) 评估在以下地点进行类似数据收集和分析的价值： 其他年龄段和其他中低收入国家，可能包括其他 YLS 国家、印度和越南。