Policing Education: exploring BAME young people's experiences with school-based police officers in Greater Manchester

警务教育：探索大曼彻斯特少数族裔、少数族裔年轻人与校内警察的经历

• 批准号: 2411797
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Manchester Metropolitan University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2411797
• 关键词: Policing; Education; exploring; BAME; young

In February 2018 I founded Kids of Colour, a community project for BAME young people to explore race and identity and to challenge every day and institutionalised racism (Kids of Colour, 2020). As young people continued to share stories of racism in education, using my networks (strengthened by six years of youth work in Manchester), in November 2018 I organised the event 'Kids of Colour on Education'. Attended by 100 members of the public, BAME young people formed a panel to share stories of education in Manchester: including a 13-year-old black boy who spoke of being arrested at school. This opened doors to more young people who connected policing to education in the city, evidenced once more in April 2019 at 'Kids of Colour on Policing', an event I organised with Northern Police Monitoring Project (a group I co-lead). These stories motivated my master's research, which explored the growing demand for schools-based police officers (SBPOs) in Manchester from the perspectives of stakeholders in education (including headteachers and Mayor Andy Burnham). The research concluded that SBPOs supported the racialised policing of BAME young people in their schools and communities.'I went to this meeting and I heard this call from [...] all the heads that they wanted this.' (Burnham, cited in Legane, 2019)The above quote, shared by the Mayor through my master's dissertation, confirmed that Greater Manchester is preparing to increase SBPO employment, following London's aim to reach 600 officers in schools (Simmons, cited in House of Commons, 2019) and coinciding with a growing rhetoric from MPs who demand that 'schools in areas with a higher risk of youth violence should be given dedicated police officers' (BBC, 2019). However, as calls for SBPOs intensify, this remains a concealed practice with little academic knowledge of the impact of SBPOs. To date, police are more likely to be based in schools with higher levels of pupils eligible for free school meals (a proxy measure of poverty) (Henshall, 2018). When race and poverty are inextricably linked (Institute of Race Relations, 2019), understanding the impact of SBPOs on BAME young people is essential to ensuring education is not used as a tool to perpetuate racial inequity (Gillborn, 2005) and does not further construct BAME young people as a crime problem. This proposal builds on my masters, aiming to understand the impact of SBPOs on BAME young people in Greater Manchester. It will explore the influences of SBPOs on the educational experiences, trajectories and sense of belonging of BAME young people and how this affects their inclusion in education and society.Existing literature evidences themes that may emerge regarding individual experience, as well as the societal disparities SBPOs may contribute to. Work from the USA details the extension of criminal justice into schooling, the way racialised disciplinary issues in schools are responded to like crimes and how going to school can feel like 'going to jail' (Heitzeg, 2018, p18). In the UK, as zero-tolerance approaches to non-criminal behaviours become prevalent in schools, the Timpson Review (2019, p34) evidences that black Caribbean pupils are more likely to experience permanent exclusion than their white peers. A critical line of enquiry is how SBPOs may drive up exclusions for BAME young people. As 53% of young people in custody are from BAME backgrounds (Ministry of Justice, 2019) suggesting that schools '"train" a minority of their students to fit the future role of imprisoned offender' (Graham, 2016, p139), this study asks, do SBPOs contribute to the formal exclusion of young people from school and society?

2018年2月，我创立了“彩色孩子”，这是一个社区项目，旨在让BAME年轻人探索种族和身份，并挑战每天和制度化的种族主义（彩色孩子，2020）。随着年轻人继续分享教育中种族主义的故事，利用我的网络（通过在曼彻斯特六年的青年工作得到加强），我于2018年11月组织了“有色人种儿童教育”活动。在100名公众的参与下，BAME年轻人组成了一个小组，分享曼彻斯特的教育故事：包括一名13岁的黑人男孩，他谈到在学校被捕。这为更多将警务与城市教育联系起来的年轻人打开了大门，2019年4月，我与北方警察监测项目（我共同领导的小组）组织的“有色人种儿童警务”活动再次证明了这一点。这些故事激发了我的硕士研究，从教育利益相关者（包括校长和市长安迪·伯纳姆）的角度探讨了曼彻斯特对学校警察（SBPO）日益增长的需求。研究得出的结论是，SBPO支持在学校和社区对黑人、亚裔和少数族裔青年进行种族化的警务。“我去参加了这次会议，我听到了这个电话[...]所有人都知道他们想要这个。'（Burnham，引用于Legane，2019年）上述引用由市长通过我的硕士论文分享，证实了大曼彻斯特正在准备增加SBPO就业，继伦敦的目标是达到600名学校官员（西蒙斯在下议院引用，2019年），与此同时，国会议员们越来越多地要求“青年暴力风险较高地区的学校应该配备专门的警察”。（BBC，2019）.然而，随着对SBPO的要求越来越高，这仍然是一种隐蔽的做法，对SBPO的影响几乎没有学术知识。到目前为止，警察更有可能驻扎在有资格获得免费校餐的学生水平较高的学校（贫困的替代措施）（Henshall，2018）。当种族和贫困密不可分（种族关系研究所，2019），了解SBPO对BAME年轻人的影响是必不可少的，以确保教育不被用作延续种族不平等的工具（Gillborn，2005），也不会进一步将BAME年轻人构建为犯罪问题。这个建议建立在我的主人，旨在了解SBPO对BAME年轻人在大曼彻斯特的影响。它将探讨SBPO对BAME年轻人的教育经历，轨迹和归属感的影响，以及这如何影响他们融入教育和社会。现有文献证据表明，可能会出现关于个人经验的主题，以及SBPO可能导致的社会差异。来自美国的工作详细介绍了刑事司法延伸到学校，学校种族化纪律问题的方式是如何应对类似犯罪的，以及上学如何感觉像“进监狱”（Heitzeg，2018，第18页）。在英国，随着对非犯罪行为的零容忍态度在学校中变得普遍，廷普森评论（2019年，第34页）证明，加勒比黑人学生比他们的白色同龄人更有可能经历永久排斥。调查的一个关键问题是SBPO如何增加对BAME年轻人的排斥。由于53%的被拘留的年轻人来自BAME背景（司法部，2019年），这表明学校“训练”少数学生以适应被监禁罪犯的未来角色”（Graham，2016年，第139页），这项研究问道，SBPO是否有助于将年轻人正式排除在学校和社会之外？