A CCD Crystallographic X-ray Detector with Lens Optics

我们提出了研究透镜之间的荧光粉和CCD传感器的X射线探测器的大分子晶体学耦合。 在这个项目中，我们将开发三种技术：大光圈镜头;高增益荧光粉;和背照式，大格式CCD。我们已经开发了一个原型大透镜，我们现在正在表征它。我们已经开发了一种新的荧光粉（ZnSe：Cu，Ce，Cl），具有显着更高的增益和更少的余辉比传统的Gd 2 O 2 S：Tb。 我们建议研究和改进这项技术，特别是找到一种更快、更亮、不含硒的磷光体。 我们已经开始了一项计划，以薄61毫米CCD背照明，从而提高这些大型CCD的光转换效率。 我们建议开发更大的CCD，具有更快的读出速度和更低的噪声，是背照式的。透镜耦合光学器件消除了zingers，死空间和光纤耦合光学器件的固有缺陷（铁丝网，剪切变形，不均匀的光传输）。 相对于光纤耦合，透镜耦合减少了空间畸变和位置不均匀性。 点响应应该更好。 随着我们期望实现的CCD效率和磷光体增益的改进，以及这些非常大的透镜系统可以实现的光学传输效率的提高，整个系统增益（存储在CCD中的电子/入射X射线）应该与光纤耦合相当或上级。 探测量子效率（DQE）和动态范围也应该等于或上级于模块化镶嵌CCD探测器。 在生产中，这项技术应该比镶嵌式CCD便宜得多。

We propose to study lens coupling between the phosphor and the CCD sensor in X-ray detectors for macromolecular crystallography. In this project we will develop three technologies: large aperture lenses; high gain phosphors; and back-illuminated, large-format CCDs. We have developed a prototype big lens, and we are now characterizing it. We have developed a new phosphor (ZnSe:Cu,Ce,CI) with significantly higher gain and less afterglow than conventional Gd2O2S:Tb. We propose to study and improve on this technology, specifically to find a phosphor that is even faster and brighter, and does not contain selenium. We have begun a program to thin a 61mm CCD for back illumination, thus increasing light conversion efficiency in these large CCDs. We propose to develop ever larger CCDs with faster readout and lower noise, that are back-illuminated. Lens-coupling optics eliminates zingers, dead spaces, and the inherent defects of fiberoptic coupling optics (chickenwire, shear distortion, nonuniform optical transmission). Lens coupling reduces spatial distortions and positional nonuniformities relative to fiberoptic coupling. The point response should be better. With improvements in CCD efficiency and phosphor gain that we expect to realize, and the optical transfer efficiency that these very large lens systems can achieve, the overall system gain (electrons stored in the CCD/incident X ray) should be comparable to or superior to fiberoptic coupling. The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) and dynamic range should also be equivalent or superior to modular mosaic CCD detectors. In production, this technology should be substantially cheaper than mosaic CCDs.