Pathogen-Host Standoff: Persistent and Latent Infection

传染病是全世界发病率和死亡率的主要原因。虽然传染病病原体会引起急性疾病，但许多病原体既会引起急性感染，也会引起慢性感染。导致活动性疾病的持续性和潜伏性感染可能特别难以控制，特别是因为人群中存在感染的宿主。总的来说，这些是最难治疗、预防和根除的感染。持续性或潜伏性感染是由各种微生物引起的，包括病毒、细菌、寄生虫、蠕虫和真菌。由顽固病原体引起的疾病包括结核病、血吸虫病、艾滋病和各种与疱疹相关的疾病。目前令人兴奋的研究：-常见的宿主免疫机制与各种微生物相互作用。-免疫调节和逃避策略的范围仍在扩大。-免疫反应不等于清除；保护性免疫仍在定义中。该领域的问题：-如何有效地增强免疫反应，以消除已进化为在宿主中持久存在的有机体。-如何在慢性和潜伏感染的背景下整合关于对急性疾病的免疫反应的信息。-如何对病原体的持久或潜伏状态进行分类，并确定导致潜伏期的遗传成分。-汇聚不同领域的科学家，思考潜伏期和持久度的概念，分享不同领域的想法。目标：-了解潜在微生物感染的共同主题，无论是病毒、细菌、寄生虫、蠕虫还是真菌。-对比急性、慢性和潜伏感染期间免疫记忆的差异(在疫苗或治疗策略的设计中很重要)。-了解控制潜伏或持久微生物的常见免疫机制。-确定病原体逃脱免疫系统检测或消除的方法，并设计规避这些病原体的策略(疫苗或药物开发)。

Infectious diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although infectious disease agents cause acute disease, many cause both acute and chronic infections. Persistent and latent infections that lead to active disease can be especially difficult to control, particularly because a reservoir of infection exists in the population. In general, these are the most difficult infections to treat, prevent and eradicate. Persistent or latent infections are caused by the spectrum of microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, worms and fungi. Diseases caused by persisting pathogens include tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, AIDS, and a variety of herpes-related diseases. Exciting current research: - Common host immune mechanisms interface with a variety of microbes.-Immune modulation and evasion strategies still expanding in scope. - Immune response does not equal clearance; protective immunity still being defined. Problems in the field: - How to effectively enhance an, immune response to eliminate an organism that has evolved to be persistent in the host. - How to integrate information about the immune response to acute disease in the context of chronic and latent infections. - How to categorize-the persistent or latent state of a pathogen, and determine the genetic components that contribute to latency. - Bring together scientists from different fields to think about the concepts of latency and persistence, and share ideas from different fields. Goals: - Understand common themes in latent microbial infections, regardless of whether a virus, bacterium, parasite, worm, or fungus. - Contrast differences in immunologic memory during acute, chronic and latent infection (important in design of vaccine or treatment strategies). - Understand common immune mechanisms controlling latent or persistent microbes. - Identify stragies by which pathogens escape detection or elimination by the immune system, and design strategies to circumvent these pathogens (vaccine or drug development).