Genetic And Experiential Influences On The Development O

遗传和经验对发育的影响

• 批准号: 7006270
• 负责人: John D Newman
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7006270
• 关键词: Callithricidae; Saimiri; age difference; animal communication behavior; animal developmental psychology; animal ecology; auditory stimulus; behavioral /social science research tag; behavioral genetics; experience; gender difference; gene environment interaction; neuroendocrine system; neuropsychology; psychoacoustics; social behavior; social group; species difference; vocalization

This and a companion project (Z01 HD001123-14) investigate auditory communication in primates. The overall goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of primate auditory communication in terms of development, neural mechanisms, endocrine factors, and social context. Two species, the squirrel monkey and the common marmoset, are the main subjects of study, with additional data collected from other species where appropriate. The present project studies primate communication from a bioacoustic and ethological perspective, focusing on the detailed acoustic structure of vocalizations produced in natural settings, and the relationship of structural differences to differences in age, gender, experience and response selectivity, as well as the broader factors of social context and genetic background. New findings: 1) A long-distance affiliative vocalization, the isolation peep (IP), was tested for responsiveness to species-specific differences in the acoustic details. Isolation Peeps from 2 species of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus and S. boliviensis) were digitized, then entered into a library for use as playback stimuli. Eight acoustic parameters of each call were measured, and these parameters entered into a discriminant function analysis to determine whether a given call represented a weak, typical or extreme variant of one or the other species' calls. A total of 152 calls were selected as playback stimuli. Four social groups, 2 groups of each of the 2 species, were chosen as subjects. Subjects were tested in an outdoor run and were presented with 12 stimulus trials and 4 control (no stimulus) trials per session. Sessions were run daily. In all 4 groups, there was no significant difference in responding depending on whether the stimulus was from the same or the other species. Nevertheless, overall all groups, 67% of the stimulus trials had an IP response,while only 17.5% of the control trials had an IP response (p<0.01, Chi-square test). These responses from intact groups to separation calls suggests the existence of atruistic or empathic vocal behavior in this primate. The acoustic details of the stimulus signal were not found to influence the vocal response. Future work will attempt to resolve the underlying mechanism that appears to impart different sensory biases to the 2 closely-related species under study. 2) A little-examined acoustic parameter--intercall interval-- was employed in a comparative study of the cry sounds of human infants and the infants of 2 non-human primates, the rhesus macaque and the common marmoset. For each species, a 30-second segment of crying was analyzed, with the interval between expiratory cry sounds measured. For humans, 3 cries from each of 4 subject groups were examined: low-risk, preterm; high-risk, preterm; low-risk, fullterm; high-risk, fullterm. Using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test), significant differences were found in the distribution of intervals for all pair-wise tests of the 4 groups, except for low-risk and high-risk preterms. For the rhesus macaques, the comparison groups were mother-reared infants and nursery-reared infants. Significant differences were found in the distribution intervals between these groups, but only for males. More individuals of both groups will be analyzed to determine whether this is a consistent finding. For the marmosets, the comparison was made between young ages (under 1 month) and older ages (2 or 3 months of age). Significant differences were found in the distribution of intervals in the cries of infants from these 2 age groups. These results suggest that the temporal patterning of crying may be an important parameter for evaluating the developmental or experiential status of a crying individual.

这项研究和另一个项目(Z01 HD001123-14)研究了灵长类动物的听觉交流。这些研究的总体目标是从发育、神经机制、内分泌因素和社会背景等方面全面了解灵长类听觉交流。两个物种，松鼠猴和普通的绒猴，是主要的研究对象，并在适当的时候从其他物种收集额外的数据。本项目从生物声学和行为学的角度研究灵长类动物的交流，侧重于自然环境中发声的详细声学结构，以及结构差异与年龄、性别、经验和反应选择性差异的关系，以及社会背景和遗传背景等更广泛的因素。新的发现：1)一种长距离联系发声，隔离PEEP(IP)，测试了对特定物种在声学细节上的差异的反应。将两种松鼠猴(Saimiri cerureus和S.boliviens)的分离Peep数字化，然后进入图书馆作为回放刺激。每个叫声的8个声学参数被测量，这些参数进入判别函数分析，以确定给定的叫声代表一个或另一个物种的叫声的弱、典型或极端变体。共有152个电话被选为回放刺激。选择4个社会群体作为研究对象，每2个物种2个群体。受试者在户外跑步中接受测试，每节课有12次刺激试验和4次对照(无刺激)试验。会议每天都在进行。在所有4组中，根据刺激是来自同一物种还是来自其他物种，反应没有显著差异。然而，总的来说，所有组中，67%的刺激试验有IP反应，而只有17.5%的对照试验有IP反应(P&lt；0.01，卡方检验)。这些来自完整群体对分离叫声的反应表明，这种灵长类动物存在反常或移情的发声行为。没有发现刺激信号的声学细节影响发声反应。未来的工作将试图解决潜在的机制，似乎赋予了两个密切相关的物种在研究中的不同的感觉偏见。2)采用一个较少被检验的声学参数--叫声间隔--对人类婴儿和两种非人灵长类动物恒河猴和普通猕猴的婴儿的哭声进行了比较研究。对于每个物种，分析了30秒的哭声片段，并测量了呼气哭声之间的间隔。对于人类，检查了4个受试组中每组的3次哭声：低风险，早产；高风险，早产；低风险，足月；高风险，足月。经Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验(K-S检验)，除低危早产和高危早产外，其余4组配对检验的间隔分布均有显著差异。对于恒河猴，对照组是母亲抚养的婴儿和托儿所喂养的婴儿。这些群体之间的分布间隔有显著差异，但仅在男性之间。将对两组中更多的人进行分析，以确定这是否是一致的发现。对于绒猴，比较的是年轻年龄(1个月以下)和较大年龄(2或3个月大)。两个年龄段的婴儿哭声间隔分布有显著差异。这些结果表明，哭闹的时间模式可能是评估哭闹个体的发展或经验状态的重要参数。