Licensing and Innovation in Genetics and Genomics

遗传学和基因组学的许可和创新

• 批准号: 7078726
• 负责人: JOSHUA POWERS
• 金额: $ 6.54万
• 依托单位: INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-02-06 至 2008-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7078726
• 关键词: diffusion; genetics; industry; model; university

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Society has historically benefited from the innovative capacity of research universities and federal agencies such as the NIH via the free and open exchange of research findings. In recent years, however, an increasingly common mechanism by which research is disseminated is via contractual agreements between institutions and industry or among researchers themselves. This new exchange model treats research as an intellectual property rather than an intellectual commons given its real or perceived potential as a source of revenue. This new era of academic capitalism (Slaughter & Leslie, 1997) is receiving growing attention in the research literature. Some have argued that it has aided the diffusion of innovation to the marketplace as evidenced by a steep increase in academic patenting and university-industry partnerships as well as success stories such as Recombinant DNA, Taxol, and Cisplatin. Others have expressed concern that a contractual, revenue enhancement model of exchange undermines the science enterprise and may slow the diffusion of innovation. Case examples of faculty and institutional conflicts of interest are often cited as evidence as are stories of access challenges to obtaining patented and licensed technologies for research purposes. This study seeks to empirically investigate the effects of academic capitalism on innovation diffusion at one epicenter of the debate - the exclusive licensing of typically basic genetic/genomic technologies. Using multisource contract deal data including from SEC documents and other specialized firms that track university and federal biotechnology licensing agreements, the specific aims of this study are: 1. To identify and to document academic and federal licensing practices (i.e., exclusivity, fields of use, sublicensing and reach through provisions, and related practices) to industry for genetic/genomic diagnostic, therapeutic, and research tool technologies. 2. To test a theoretical model of the effect of licensing exclusivity, technology source, and the contingency effect of technology innovation potential on two measures of innovation diffusion, follow-on research and follow-on patenting. To date, no national study of licensing exclusivity effects on innovation has been conducted. Yet, identifying the nature of academic and federal licensing practices as well as its effects on follow-on innovation diffusion is central to the advancement of public health. This study can help to inform policy and practice around how to best manage and to facilitate the diffusion of genetic/genomic innovations.

描述(由申请者提供)：社会历来受益于研究型大学和国家卫生研究院等联邦机构通过自由和开放的研究成果交流的创新能力。然而，近年来，一种越来越常见的传播研究的机制是通过机构和行业之间或研究人员本身之间的合同协议。这种新的交换模式将研究视为一种知识产权，而不是知识共享，因为它真正或被认为具有作为收入来源的潜力。这一学术资本主义的新时代(斯劳特和莱斯利，1997)正受到越来越多的研究文献的关注。一些人认为，它帮助创新向市场扩散，学术专利和大学-行业合作伙伴关系的急剧增加以及重组DNA、紫杉醇和顺铂等成功案例就是明证。其他人则表示担心，一种契约性的、增加收入的交换模式会破坏科学事业，并可能减缓创新的传播。教师和机构利益冲突的案例经常被引用作为证据，为研究目的获取专利和许可技术的机会面临挑战的案例也是如此。这项研究试图在辩论的一个中心--典型的基础基因/基因组技术的独家许可--对学术资本主义对创新扩散的影响进行实证调查。使用多源合同交易数据，包括来自SEC文件和其他跟踪大学和联邦生物技术许可协议的专业公司的数据，本研究的具体目标是： 1.就遗传/基因组诊断、治疗和研究工具技术向工业界确定和记录学术和联邦许可做法(即排他性、使用领域、再许可和通过条款覆盖以及相关做法)。 2.检验了许可排他性、技术来源以及技术创新潜力对后续研究和后续专利两种创新扩散措施的权变效应的理论模型。 到目前为止，还没有关于许可排他性对创新影响的全国性研究。然而，确定学术和联邦许可做法的性质及其对后续创新扩散的影响是促进公共卫生的核心。这项研究有助于为有关如何最好地管理和促进遗传/基因组创新的传播的政策和实践提供信息。