Conspiracy Theory, Anti-Semitism, and Anti-Trans Hatred in Far-Right Ideology

我的研究关注的是当代欧美激进右翼政治中的反‘性别意识形态’话语与据称是左倾的‘性别批判’女权主义运动之间的联系，通过它们与各种形式的反犹阴谋论的相互联系。我将研究如何利用编码的、反犹太主义的阴谋论思维模式来鼓励反变性人的态度，并动员人们反对变性人的人权；同时，对变性人的不容忍态度被用作一种方式，既招募人们加入反犹太主义的激进右翼，又向右转变围绕性别和性、种族和族裔的主流态度和情绪。主要研究问题：1.反跨性别和反犹太主义阴谋论思维和情感在反‘性别意识形态’运动中扮演什么角色？2.反跨性别仇恨和反犹太主义思维模式和情感之间有什么关系？3.反跨性别仇恨如何被用作英国极右翼和非自由主义政治的主流工具？实证方法论：我将使用批评性话语分析(CDA)的方法来分析我的案例研究(Fairclough，2010)，但有一个额外的情感维度来分析情感与话语交织在一起的方式，以及话语引发政治情感的方式。博勒(2021)在研究网络平台上的种族话语和影响时，有效地开创了这一方法。CDA将使我能够在我的案例研究中确定概念和语言主题，并在意识形态形成表达和行动的对抗性社会关系和进程的更广泛背景下对其进行分析。CDA让我能够接触到那些呈现出学术色彩的文本，因此要求假设他们的论证是善意的，有必要的关键距离来理解它们，而不是嵌入到极右翼极端主义政治运动生态中的政治文本。这种分析方法之所以适用于当代反犹太主义、跨性别恐惧症和极右翼意识形态的研究，是因为它致力于一种意识形态理论，它不仅是一套自由漂浮在社会话语中的思想，而且表达了真实的社会过程和基于其追随者的社会地位的对立的经验(Fairclough，2010)。至关重要的是，意识形态满足了他们的追随者的某些认识论和情感需求，这就是他们的力量所在。这对于对声称社会、科学和历史真理的意识形态的分析尤其重要。建议的案例研究：选择标准：案例研究将是激进右翼政治运动的知识产出的一部分，因此，我选择的文本是作者和观众明确理解为对社会和历史做出真理主张以及批判性和规范性判断的文本。我对激进右翼运动内部的智力辩论的形式和内容感兴趣，因此试图分析具有较高教育“进入代价”的文本，因此这些文本主要不是用于大规模宣传，而是在已经承诺的意识形态内进行辩论。我对这些文本特别感兴趣，因为它们往往包含更极端的意识形态内容，这些内容在针对更主流受众的文本中以淡化版本出现，预计他们会反对他们正在阅读的内容的更极端的结论。1.《西方观察家》：一本反犹伪科学在线杂志，其中发表了大量关于历史和当代犹太人政治参与跨性别、同性恋和妇女解放运动的新纳粹主义‘学术论文’(Houck，2017；A.Joyce，2015,2016；兰登，2019,2021；Sanderson，2015a，2015b)2.斯科特·豪沃尔的《变性人-工业综合体》

My research concerns the connections between the anti-'gender ideology' discourse in contemporary Euro-American radical right politics and the purportedly left-leaning 'gender critical' feminist movement, through their mutual connection to forms of antisemitic conspiracy theory. I will research how coded, antisemitic conspiratorial modes of thought are used to encourage anti-transgender attitudes and mobilise opposition to the human rights of transgender people; while at the same time, intolerant attitudes towards transgender people are being used as a way both to recruit people into the antisemitic radical right, as well as shift mainstream attitudes and sentiments around gender and sexuality, race, and ethnicity, rightwards. Primary Research Questions: 1. What roles do anti-trans and antisemitic conspiratorial thinking and affect play in the anti-'gender ideology' movement?2. What is relation is there between anti-trans hatred and antisemitic modes of thought and affect?3. How might anti-trans hatred be being used as a vehicle to mainstream far right and illiberal politics in the UK?Empirical methodology: I will analyse my case studies using the methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 2010) but with an additional affective dimension with which to analyse ways in which affect is intertwined with discourse and discourse provokes political affects. Boler (2021) pioneers this approach effectively in the study of racial discourse and effects on online platforms. CDA will allow me to identify conceptual and linguistic themes across my case studies and analyse them within the broader context of antagonistic social relations and processes which ideological formations both express and act within. CDA allows me to engage with texts which present themselves as academic, and as such demand the assumption of 'good-faith' argumentation, with the critical distance necessary to understand them rather as political texts, embedded within an ecology of far-right extremist political movements. What makes this method of analysis apt for the study of contemporary antisemitism, transphobia and far-right ideology is the commitment to a theory of ideology as not simply a set of ideas free-floating in social discourse, but express experiences of real social processes and antagonisms grounded in the social positionality of its adherents (Fairclough, 2010). Crucially, ideologies satisfy certain epistemological and affective needs of their adherents, and this is what gives them their power. This is especially important for the analysis of ideologies which make claims to social, scientific, and historical truth. Proposed Case Studies:Selection Criteria: case studies are to be part of the intellectual output of radical right political movements, as such I am selecting texts which are specifically understood by the authors and audience as making truth-claims and critical and normative judgements about society and history. I am interested in the form and content of the intellectual debate internal to the radical right movements and therefore seek to analyse texts which have a higher educational "price of entry", and which are therefore not intended primarily for use as mass propaganda but for debate within the already ideologically committed. I am interested in these texts in particular as they tend to contain more extreme ideological content which appears in watered down version in texts intended for a more mainstream audience who can be expected to be averse to the more extreme conclusions of what they are reading. 1. The Occidental Observer: an anti-Semitic pseudo-scientific online magazine in which a significant amount of neo-Nazi 'scholarship' is published on the matter of historical and contemporary Jewish political involvement in the trans, gay and women's liberation movements (Houck, 2017; A. Joyce, 2015, 2016; Langdon, 2019, 2021; Sanderson, 2015a, 2015b).2. 'The Transgender-Industrial Complex' by Scott Howar