The discounting of losses by smokers in nicotine withdrawl

描述（由申请人提供）：行为研究发现，吸烟者在时间上比不吸烟者更容易忽视奖励;吸烟者更喜欢立即奖励而不是延迟奖励。鉴于尼古丁戒断在维持吸烟中的重要性，急性尼古丁戒断对时间折扣的影响值得关注。研究尼古丁戒断期间奖励的时间折扣是有限的，而研究戒断期间惩罚的时间折扣是完全没有的。概率贴现的研究也是如此，概率贴现被认为与时间贴现相关，如果不是相似的话。这个小型、独立的研究项目的第一个具体目标是比较和对比吸烟者在尼古丁饱和和急性戒断期间负面结果的时间折扣结果。第二个具体目标是比较和对比吸烟者在尼古丁饱和和急性戒断期间积极和消极结果的概率折扣的结果概况。第三个具体目标是验证时间和概率贴现程序的假设奖励与真实的奖励条件。拟议的实验将实现这些目标的时间和概率折扣程序与吸烟者和非吸烟者的收益和损失。吸烟者将在尼古丁饱和和急性戒断（24小时戒烟）两种情况下进行折扣程序。每组中一半的参与者将是女性，允许对折扣的戒断影响进行性别分析，为尼古丁成瘾，戒断和复发的性别差异提供额外的见解。这一系列研究的长期目标是进一步了解影响冲动行为（如吸烟）的变量，并促进综合治疗方案的发展。虽然近年来美国的吸烟率有所下降，但吸烟仍然是最可预防的死亡和发病原因。考虑到吸烟对公共卫生的影响，重要的是要扩大目前的知识，吸烟者在饱食和戒断的负面结果的选择。这项研究可能会提供新的见解的变量，影响冲动的决策，特别是药物依赖，导致新的治疗模块，补充有效的治疗药物依赖的今天使用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Behavioral studies have found that cigarette smokers temporally discount rewards more than non-smokers; smokers are more likely to prefer immediate over delayed rewards. Given the importance of nicotine withdrawal in the maintenance of cigarette smoking, the effect of acute nicotine withdrawal on temporal discounting is of interest. Studies examining temporal discounting of rewards during nicotine withdrawal are limited, while studies examining temporal discounting of punishments during withdrawal are completely absent. The same is true for studies of probability discounting, a construct thought to be related, if not similar, to temporal discounting. The first specific aim of this small, self-contained research project is to compare and contrast the profile of results in the temporal discounting of negative outcomes in smokers during nicotine satiation and acute withdrawal. The second specific aim is to compare and contrast the profile of results in the probability discounting of positive and negative outcomes in smokers during nicotine satiation and acute withdrawal. The third specific aim is to validate temporal and probability discounting procedures for hypothetical rewards with real rewards conditions. The proposed experiment will fulfill these aims with temporal- and probability-discounting procedures with smokers and non-smokers for both gains and losses. Smokers will undergo the discounting procedures under both nicotine satiation and acute withdrawal (24-hour cigarette abstinence). Half of the participants in each group will be female, allowing for gender analyses of withdrawal effects on discounting, providing additional insight into gender differences in nicotine addiction, abstinence, and relapse. The long-term objective of this line of research is to further knowledge about the variables that influence impulsive behavior such as cigarette smoking, and to facilitate the development of comprehensive treatment programs. Though the rate of smoking has decreased in the United States in recent years, cigarette smoking continues to be the most preventable cause of mortality and morbidity. Given the public health implications of cigarette smoking, it is important to expand current knowledge about choice of negative outcomes by cigarette smokers in satiation and withdrawal. This research may provide new insights into the variables that affect impulsive decision-making in general and drug dependence in particular, leading to new modules of treatment that supplement effective treatments for drug dependence in use today.