The discounting of losses by smokers in nicotine withdrawl

吸烟者尼古丁戒断损失的贴现

• 批准号: 7384563
• 负责人: Richard Yi
• 金额: $ 7.2万
• 依托单位: UNIV OF ARKANSAS FOR MED SCIS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-09-30 至 2009-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7384563
• 关键词: Abstinence; Acute; Address; Affect; Anxiety; Behavior; Behavioral; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Cigarette; Cigarette Smoker; Condition; Control Groups; Data; Decision Making; Development; Disease; Drug Addiction; Drug usage; Female; Future; Gender; Goals; Health; Heart Diseases; Hour; Impulsive Behavior; Individual; Knowledge; Literature; Maintenance; Malignant neoplasm of lung; Morbidity - disease rate; Negative Reinforcements; Nicotine; Nicotine Dependence; Nicotine Withdrawal; Outcome; Participant; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Population; Prevention program; Probability; Procedures; Process; Property; Public Health; Pulmonary Emphysema; Punishment; Rate; Relapse; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Research Project Grants; Rewards; Risk; Risk Factors; Satiation; Sex Characteristics; Sleep disturbances; Smoke; Smoker; Smoking; Smoking and Health Research; Stroke; Surgeon; Thinking; Time; Today; United States; Weight Gain; Withdrawal; Withdrawal Symptom; cigarette smoking; discount; discounting; experience; insight; interest; mortality; non-smoker; research study; theories; treatment program

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Behavioral studies have found that cigarette smokers temporally discount rewards more than non-smokers; smokers are more likely to prefer immediate over delayed rewards. Given the importance of nicotine withdrawal in the maintenance of cigarette smoking, the effect of acute nicotine withdrawal on temporal discounting is of interest. Studies examining temporal discounting of rewards during nicotine withdrawal are limited, while studies examining temporal discounting of punishments during withdrawal are completely absent. The same is true for studies of probability discounting, a construct thought to be related, if not similar, to temporal discounting. The first specific aim of this small, self-contained research project is to compare and contrast the profile of results in the temporal discounting of negative outcomes in smokers during nicotine satiation and acute withdrawal. The second specific aim is to compare and contrast the profile of results in the probability discounting of positive and negative outcomes in smokers during nicotine satiation and acute withdrawal. The third specific aim is to validate temporal and probability discounting procedures for hypothetical rewards with real rewards conditions. The proposed experiment will fulfill these aims with temporal- and probability-discounting procedures with smokers and non-smokers for both gains and losses. Smokers will undergo the discounting procedures under both nicotine satiation and acute withdrawal (24-hour cigarette abstinence). Half of the participants in each group will be female, allowing for gender analyses of withdrawal effects on discounting, providing additional insight into gender differences in nicotine addiction, abstinence, and relapse. The long-term objective of this line of research is to further knowledge about the variables that influence impulsive behavior such as cigarette smoking, and to facilitate the development of comprehensive treatment programs. Though the rate of smoking has decreased in the United States in recent years, cigarette smoking continues to be the most preventable cause of mortality and morbidity. Given the public health implications of cigarette smoking, it is important to expand current knowledge about choice of negative outcomes by cigarette smokers in satiation and withdrawal. This research may provide new insights into the variables that affect impulsive decision-making in general and drug dependence in particular, leading to new modules of treatment that supplement effective treatments for drug dependence in use today.

描述（由申请人提供）：行为研究发现，吸烟者暂时比不吸烟者更能减少奖励；吸烟者更有可能更喜欢立即奖励而不是延迟奖励。鉴于尼古丁戒断在维持吸烟中的重要性，急性尼古丁戒断对时间贴现的影响令人感兴趣。检验尼古丁戒断期间奖励的时间贴现的研究是有限的，而检验戒断期间惩罚的时间贴现的研究完全不存在。对于概率贴现的研究也是如此，概率贴现被认为与时间贴现相关（如果不是相似的话）。这个小型、独立的研究项目的第一个具体目标是比较和对比吸烟者在尼古丁饱足感和急性戒断期间负面结果的时间贴现结果。第二个具体目标是比较和对比吸烟者在尼古丁饱足感和急性戒断期间积极和消极结果的概率贴现结果。第三个具体目标是验证具有真实奖励条件的假设奖励的时间和概率贴现程序。拟议的实验将通过对吸烟者和非吸烟者的收益和损失进行时间和概率贴现程序来实现这些目标。吸烟者将在尼古丁饱足和急性戒断（24小时戒烟）两种情况下进行折扣程序。每组中的一半参与者将是女性，从而可以对折扣的戒断效应进行性别分析，从而进一步了解尼古丁成瘾、戒断和复吸的性别差异。该研究的长期目标是进一步了解影响吸烟等冲动行为的变量，并促进综合治疗方案的制定。尽管近年来美国的吸烟率有所下降，但吸烟仍然是最可预防的死亡和发病原因。考虑到吸烟对公共健康的影响，扩大目前关于吸烟者在饱腹感和戒断反应中选择负面结果的知识非常重要。这项研究可能为影响一般冲动决策和特别是药物依赖的变量提供新的见解，从而产生新的治疗模块，补充当今使用的药物依赖的有效治疗方法。