RESUBMIT Translations and Transformations: China, Modernity and Cultural Transmission

在全球化的时代，我们比以往任何时候都更迫切地要问：是什么样的传播过程促成了中西文学和文化的交流？中国与其他国家的复杂互动是理解其与现代性关系的关键。人文学者对这种相互作用中涉及的翻译和转换有分歧。有些人从西方的角度提出了中国的另一面。其他人则侧重于任何文化相遇中所涉及的差异和对等的谈判，以及这些谈判所促成或改变的传播形式。本网络将聚焦于中国现代性得以形成和想象的对立和关系。“现代”的历史起源在西方有不同的形成：宗教改革、启蒙运动、工业革命或先锋派的出现。然而，现代的定义不仅是一个分期问题，也是一个地理问题。正如Lydia Liu所观察到的，“翻译问题已经成为现代性批判性反思的核心。人们可以谈论各种各样的现代性，这一事实表明，人们对现代性及其普遍精神的可译性有着非凡的信念。这个问题的核心是翻译的具体行为、地点和理论;普遍与特殊之间的关系;以及文化兼容性的限制或可能性。无论是在语言文化层面，还是在观念技术层面，翻译都定义着中国现代性和现代性的领域。传播过程包括文学翻译和视觉翻译，以及语境化和接受，但也提出了最广泛意义上的可译性问题。现代性与文化传播的关系研究不仅对中西方的文学和文化研究学者，而且对翻译理论家、批评理论家和视觉理论家都越来越有吸引力。该网络的活动将分为三个部分：翻译现代主义：研究西方和中国现代主义之间关系的学者越来越多地寻求超越中国现代主义与欧洲现代主义的对应或衍生问题。翻译理论：20世纪90年代以来，西方后现代文化批评理论在中国的接受是戏剧性的，但也提出了如何将其翻译到新的语境中的问题。翻译文化：当代中国艺术和文化作品从未如此接近全球观众，但是，精英文化和大众文化都存在可兼容性问题。2该网络的基本原理是提高英国对中国现当代文化的研究能力。在过去的15年里，美国学术界对中国文化传播的研究一直很活跃，但在英国，这一领域仍然相对薄弱。清华大学比较文学与文化研究中心（CRASSH）和耶鲁大学东亚研究理事会（Council on East Asian Studies）之间的三方网络旨在与中国和美国的学者建立并维持关系，这两个国家的东亚研究领域都在进一步发展。该网络将通过一个讲习班、研讨会、访问研究金方案以及在剑桥和北京举行的两次重大国际会议，在发展研究能力方面发挥关键作用。其参与者具有文学理论，文化研究，翻译理论，现代主义和当代中国文化，包括视觉文化的专业知识。该网络的活动将引起比较文学、文化研究、批评和文化理论、翻译研究和中国研究领域的学者和从业人员的兴趣。

An age of globalization makes it more than ever urgent to ask: what processes of transmission mediate literary and cultural exchanges between China and the West? China's complex interactions with its others are key to understanding its relation to modernity. Humanities scholarship on the translations and transformations involved in such interactions have diverged. Some have posed, from a Western point of view, the alterity of China. Others have focused on the negotiations of difference and equivalence involved in any cultural encounter, and on forms of transmission enabled or transformed by these negotiations. The Network will focus on the oppositions and relations through which Chinese modernity has been shaped and imagined. The historical origins of 'the modern' have been variously located in western formations: Reformation, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, or the emergence of an Avant-Garde. Defining the modern, however, is not only a question of periodization, but also of geography. As Lydia Liu observes, 'The problem of translation has become increasingly central to critical reflections on modernity... The fact that one can speak about a varied range of modernities suggests an extraordinary faith in the translatability of modernity and its universal ethos.' At the heart of this problem are specific acts, sites, and theories of translation; relationships between universal and particular; and the limits or possibilities of cultural commensurability. Whether at the level of language and culture, or concepts, technologies and techniques, translation defines the field of Chinese modernism and modernity. The processes of transmission include literary and visual translation, as well as contextualization and reception, but also raise issues of translatability in the broadest sense. The study of modernity in relation to cultural transmission has proved increasingly attractive not only to scholars of literary and cultural studies in China and the West, but to translation theorists, critical theorists, and theorists of the visual. The activities of the Network will be organized into three strands: Translating Modernism: Scholars working on the relationship between Western and Chinese modernisms increasingly seek to go beyond the question of what in Chinese modernism corresponds to or derives from European modernism.Translating Theory: The take-up of western post-modern cultural and critical theory in China since the 1990s has been dramatic, yet poses questions about its translation into new contexts.Translating Culture: Contemporary Chinese artistic and cultural production has never been more accessible to global audiences, but issues of commensurability arise in both elite and popular culture.The rationale of the Network is to increase UK research capacity into modern and contemporary Chinese culture. While work on cultural transmission to and from China has been vibrant in the US academy over the past fifteen years, the field remains comparatively weak in the UK. The aim of the three-way Network between CRASSH, the Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies at Tsinghua University, and Yale's Council on East Asian Studies is to create and sustain relationships with academics in both China and the US, where the field is further advanced. The Network will play a key role in developing research capacity through a programme of workshops, seminars, visiting fellowships, and two major international conferences in Cambridge and Beijing. Its participants have expertise in literary theory, cultural studies, translation theory, modernism, and contemporary Chinese culture, including visual culture. The activities of the Network will be of interest to academics and practitioners in the fields of comparative literature, cultural studies, critical and cultural theory, translation studies, and Chinese studies.