Parent Behavior and Child Adjustment Across Cultures

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究探讨父母管教策略如何影响儿童的发展。第一个和第二个目的是检验严厉的纪律和儿童适应之间的联系是否受到以下因素的调节：1)纪律方法的规范性，这是由其使用的文化接受程度所表明的；2)亲子关系的情感质量。我们假设在文化规范和亲子关系温暖的条件下，严厉管教与儿童适应困难之间的关联较弱。第三个目的是研究严厉管教与儿童适应困难之间的关系是否通过儿童对管教的认知评价来中介。孩子们解释纪律实践的方式被假设部分地解释了纪律和孩子的适应之间的联系。作为理解儿童对纪律实践的解释的一部分，我们将尝试将文化“拆解”为可测量的上下文组件，并理解影响父母实践和儿童对其解释的文化的具体特征（例如，信仰，价值观）。在母基金（R01HD054805-01A1）中，我们将收集和分析8个国家（即中国、印度、意大利、肯尼亚、菲律宾、瑞典、泰国、美国）和这些国家的子群体的数据。在这个FIRCA申请中，我们建议增加对约旦两个文化群体的数据收集：居住在安曼的约旦本地人和居住在安曼郊区难民营的巴勒斯坦难民。每一个文化群体都被选择，因为它有可能为理解父母的管教行为如何影响孩子的适应提供独特的贡献。将对每个文化群体的100名儿童及其父母进行结构化访谈。在初步评估后12个月和24个月进行纵向随访。分析将通过结构方程模型和多层模型进行，其中测量场合嵌套在家庭中，而家庭嵌套在文化中。关于养育影响儿童适应的机制的研究结果将对公共卫生产生影响，因为它们有可能影响旨在防止适应问题的干预措施，特别是在受虐待和其他高风险群体中。从多元文化的角度理解父母管教行为与儿童适应之间的关系，有可能为发展心理学在法律、政策和干预方面的应用提供信息。公共卫生相关性：记录父母和儿童对不同形式的纪律的评价以及这些类型的纪律对儿童适应的影响，将有助于制定更明智的政策，特别是在针对特定文化的儿童虐待定义方面。此外，我们关于父母影响儿童适应的机制的研究结果将影响旨在预防适应问题的干预措施，特别是在受虐待和其他高风险群体中。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study addresses how parents' discipline strategies affect children's development. The first and second aims are to examine whether the association between harsh discipline and child adjustment is moderated by: 1) the normativeness of the discipline method as indicated by cultural acceptance of its use, and 2) the affective quality of the parent-child relationship. We hypothesize that under conditions of cultural normativeness and warmth within the parent-child relationship, there is a weaker association between harsh discipline and children's adjustment difficulties. The third aim is to examine whether the association between harsh discipline and children's adjustment difficulties is mediated by children's cognitive appraisals regarding the discipline. The way children interpret a discipline practice is hypothesized to explain, in part, the link between discipline and children's adjustment. As part of understanding children's interpretations of discipline practices, we will try to "unpack" culture into measurable contextual components and to understand specific characteristics of culture (e.g., beliefs, values) that affect parenting practices and children's interpretations of them. In the parent grant (R01HD054805-01A1), we will collect and analyze data in 8 countries (i.e., China, India, Italy, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, United States) and subgroups within these countries. In this FIRCA application, we propose the addition of data collection with two cultural groups in Jordan: native Jordanians living in Amman and Palestinian refugees living in refugee camps on the outskirts of Amman. Each cultural group has been selected because of its potential to provide a unique contribution to understanding how parents' discipline behaviors affect children's adjustment. Structured interviews will be conducted with 100 children and their mothers and fathers in each cultural group. Longitudinal follow-up will occur 12 months and 24 months after the initial assessment. Analyses will be conducted through structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling in which measurement occasions are nested within families, which are nested within cultures. Findings regarding mechanisms through which parenting affects children's adjustment will have public health implications because of their potential to influence interventions designed to prevent adjustment problems, especially in maltreated and other high-risk groups. Understanding how parents' discipline practices relate to children's adjustment from multiple cultural perspectives has the potential to inform applications of developmental psychology in law, policy, and intervention. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Documenting parents' and children's appraisals of different forms of discipline and effects of these types of discipline on children's adjustment will facilitate more informed policy-making, particularly in relation to culture- specific definitions of child maltreatment. Furthermore, our findings regarding mechanisms through which parenting affects children's adjustment will influence interventions designed to prevent adjustment problems, especially in maltreated and other high-risk groups.