Parenting, Adolescent Self-Regulation, and Risk-Taking Across Cultures

描述（由申请人提供）：这篇竞争性的续篇旨在理解冒险行为是如何在青春期作为生理成熟（青春期和年龄）和社会化（父母和文化）的功能发展的。我们通过招募来自13种文化（中国济南和上海、哥伦比亚、意大利那不勒斯和罗马、约旦、肯尼亚、菲律宾、瑞典、泰国以及美国的非洲、欧洲和西班牙裔美国人）的1417名8岁儿童及其父母，启动了已知规模最大的前瞻性研究。我们每年通过对母亲、父亲和孩子的访谈来评估家庭的亲子关系；孩子的适应；态度和信念；文化价值观和目前正在评估孩子们的自我调节能力，他们现在已经10岁了。在接下来的一段时间里，我们将每年对母亲、父亲和青少年进行访谈，以评估他们的关系和青少年的冒险行为。我们还将评估青少年的奖励寻求、自我调节、社会信息处理和冒险行为，通过计算机电池在12岁、14岁和16岁时进行管理。我们的第一个目标是检验关于生物成熟和社会化在冒险行为发展中的作用的假设。在某种程度上，青少年冒险行为的变化是由生物学驱动的，人们可以期望在所有文化中找到可比较的冒险行为发展轨迹。相比之下，在某种程度上，变化是由父母和文化塑造的，我们期望在冒险的发展中找到与特定特征相关的变化

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This competing continuation aims to understand how risk-taking develops across adolescence as a function of biological maturation (puberty and age) and socialization (parenting and culture). We have started the largest known prospective study of these processes by recruiting a sample of 1,417 8-year-olds and their mothers and fathers from 13 cultures (Jinan and Shanghai, China; Colombia; Naples and Rome, Italy; Jordan; Kenya; Philippines; Sweden; Thailand; and African, European, and Hispanic Americans in the United States). We have assessed families annually through interviews with mothers, fathers, and children about the parent-child relationship; the child's adjustment; attitudes and beliefs; and cultural values and are currently assessing self- regulation among the children, who are now age 10. During the next period, we will conduct interviews annually with mothers, fathers, and adolescents to assess their relationships and adolescents' risk-taking. We will also assess adolescents' reward-seeking, self-regulation, social information processing, and risk-taking via a computerized battery administered at ages 12, 14, and 16. Our first aim is to test hypotheses regarding the roles of biological maturation and socialization in the development of risk-taking. To the extent that changes in risk-taking during adolescence are biologically driven, one would expect to find comparable developmental trajectories of risk-taking across all cultures. In contrast, to the extent that changes are shaped by parenting and culture, we would expect to find variations in the development of risk-taking that are linked to specific features of parent-child relationships and cultural contexts. Our second aim is to understand psychological mechanisms through which biological maturation, parenting, and culture alter the development of risk-taking. We will test hypotheses that adolescents' reward-seeking, self-regulation, and acquired social information processing patterns mediate the impact of puberty, parenting, and culture on adolescents' risk-taking. Our third aim is to test the hypothesis that formativeness of parenting behaviors and culturally shaped opportunity for risk-taking moderate the relation between parenting and adolescents' risk-taking. We hypothesize that individual differences in adolescent behavior will be predicted by differences in parenting, but also that addictiveness of parenting depends on its cultural formativeness. In addition, we hypothesize that the relation between parenting and any particular form of adolescent risk-taking will be weaker in cultural contexts in which there are few opportunities to engage in that form of risk-taking. This study wil utilize the most culturally diverse and largest sample of young people and their parents ever assembled as an unprecedented opportunity to understand biological, parenting, and cultural processes in the development of adolescent risk-taking. It will inform theories of the nature of adolescent development and will shape interventions to prevent health-compromising and illegal risky behaviors.