SCORCHIO: Sustainable Cities: Options for Responsing to Climate cHange Impacts and Outcomes

我们的城市和城市地区正在变得越来越不健康，危险和不舒服的工作和生活。这些地区非常容易受到全球变暖的影响;夏季建筑物过热和污染增加以及洪水，沉降和其他影响造成的不健康和不适。2003年的热浪被认为分别造成法国、英格兰和威尔士14,802人和2,045人死亡。预计的城市增长率意味着，随着气候变化的影响越来越大，脆弱性也将增加。如果城市要避免在长期内变得更加脆弱，规划者、设计者和基础设施所有者就必须在短期内采取行动。这些问题已经很紧迫了。标准的气候变化研究既不考虑城市景观的影响，也不考虑城市内人类活动释放的热量，但这些都已被证明是潜在的非常重要的。此外，建筑环境适应气候变化的科学和实践仍处于起步阶段。对于气候变化适应战略的城市和地区在英国，因此，迫切需要决策支持工具，以评估和设计适应方案。英国气候影响计划UKCIP（称为UKCIPnext情景）的新预测将提供新的，更好的预测。SCORCHIO（可持续城市：应对气候变化影响和结果的选择）旨在开发使用这些新预测的工具，以帮助规划师，设计师，工程师和用户适应城市地区，特别强调热量和人类舒适度。它将通过实现以下目标来实现这一目标：1.在PC上开发一个城市地区的气候模拟器，可用于评估问题和适应，以避免或减少它们，同时考虑到温室效应和其他天气变化以及城市景观和建筑物，道路和交通引起的加热的额外影响。2.对典型建筑及其周围环境进行建模，以开发一种新的、易于使用的热量和人体舒适度脆弱性指数，该指数考虑了建筑结构、建筑类型以及建筑物、空间和道路在城市和城市地区的位置。3.估计建筑物的热量，以及一组与能源相关的空气污染物和温室气体排放量，以了解不同的建筑适应方案。开发基于计算机地图（GIS）的方法，用于审查规划和设计中的适应问题，以避免城市和城市地区的气候变化问题。5.通过深入的案例研究，与曼彻斯特和谢菲尔德的规划师和设计师合作，展示这项工作中开发的方法和工具。

Our urban and city areas are becoming increasingly unhealthy, dangerous and uncomfortable to work and live in. These areas are remarkably vulnerable to global warming; unhealthiness and discomfort from buildings overheating in the summer and increased pollution as well as flooding, subsidence and other effects. The 2003 heat wave was considered responsible for 14,802 and 2,045 excess deaths in France and England and Wales respectively. Projected rates of urban growth mean that vulnerability will increase at the same time as the impacts of climate change become greater. Actions by planners, designers and infrastructure owners are required in the short term if cities are to avoid becoming ever more vulnerable in the long term. These are already urgent problems. Neither the effects of the urban landscape nor the heat released by human activities within cities are considered in standard climate change research, but these have been shown to be potentially very significant. Also the science and practice of adaptation of the built environment to climate change is still in its infancy. For climate change adaptation strategies to be developed for cities and regions in the UK, there is therefore an urgent need for decision support tools to appraise and design adaptation options. The new forecasts from the UK Climate Impacts Programme UKCIP (called the UKCIPnext scenarios) will provide new, better predictions. SCORCHIO (Sustainable Cities: Options for Responding to Climate cHange Impacts and Outcomes) aims to develop tools that use these new forecasts to help planners, designers, engineers and users to adapt urban areas, with a particular emphasis on heat and human comfort. It will do so by addressing the following objectives:1. To develop on a PC a climate simulator for urban areas that can be used for assessing the problems and the adaptation to avoid or reduce them, taking account of both greenhouse warming and other weather changes and the additional effect of the urban landscape and heating due to the buildings, roads and traffic. 2. To model typical buildings and their surroundings in order to develop a new, readily usable heat and human comfort vulnerability index that accounts for the effects of building construction, type of building and how buildings, spaces and roads are sited in the city and urban areas. 3. To estimate the heat from buildings, together with a set of energy-related air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions to understand different building adaptation options.4. To develop computer map-based (GIS-based) methods for examining adaptation in planning and design to avoid climate change problems for urban and city areas. 5. To demonstrate the methods and tools developed in this work through in depth case studies, working in partnership with practicing planners and designers in Manchester and Sheffield.