Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Human-Animal Interface in the US and Asia

描述(由申请人提供)：该计划的基本目标是描述人与家禽之间的相互作用，重点是人畜共患禽流感病毒的传播。重点将放在两个不同生态系统中的小群、半商业家禽养殖场：美国西部和印度尼西亚中部，那里的禽流感很罕见，最近在那里发生了人和家禽的H5N1流感病毒感染。我们的目标是更好地了解可能导致人类感染禽流感病毒的因素，并加强我们检测和缓解这种传播的能力。这项工作的具体目标是：(1)描述科罗拉多州和延伸到墨西哥边境的西部各州半商业性鸡鸭群之间鸟类运输的分布和模式，并评估人类与这些鸟类互动的频率和密切程度。在编制这一动态地图的过程中，我们将获得禽类中流感病毒感染流行情况的基线数据，以及与它们互动的人类以往感染禽流感病毒的估计数据。(2)建立印尼中部地区人及其相关家禽中流感病毒感染的主动监测系统，并阐明人与家禽相互作用在流感病毒传播中的作用。我们将估计人和家禽的感染率和血清阳性率，并估计人和禽类的临床和亚临床感染频率。遗传风险因素将在这个地区的人类子集中进行评估。(3)通过对亚临床感染的免疫禽类分离的H5N1流感病毒的基因分型和表型分析，从实验上评价次优禽疫苗接种对病毒进化的影响。美国提出的这项工作将提供对大量半商业禽类中人与家禽相互作用和家禽移动的全面了解，这些可能是美国引入高致病性禽流感后任何控制努力的关键。将在印度尼西亚进行的研究将提供对禽流感病毒亚临床感染频率的估计，并将加强对可用于检测、预防和控制该国此类感染的流行病的了解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The fundamental objective of this program is to characterize interactions between humans and poultry with a focus on zoonotic transmission of avian influenza viruses. Emphasis will be placed on small flock, semi-commercial poultry operations in two disparate ecosystems: the western United States, where avian influenza is rare, and central Indonesia, where H5N1 influenza virus infections of both humans and poultry have recently occurred. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of the factors which may promote human infection with avian influenza viruses and to enhance our ability to detect and mitigate such transmission. Specific aims for this work are to: (1) Characterize the distribution of and patterns of bird transport among semi-commercial flocks of chickens and ducks in Colorado and surrounding western states extending to the Mexican border, and assess how frequently and intimately humans interact with these birds. In the process of assembling such a dynamic mapping, we will obtain baseline data on the prevalence of influenza virus infection in the birds and an estimate of previous infections by avian influenza viruses in humans that interact with them. (2) Establish a system for active surveillance of influenza virus infection in humans and their associated poultry in central Indonesia, and delineate the role of human-poultry interactions in ransmission of influenza viruses. We will obtain estimates of infection rate and seroprevalence from both humans and poultry, and estimate the frequency of clinical and subclinical infection of both humans and birds. Genetic risk factors will be evaluated in a subset of humans in this locale. (3) Evaluate experimentally the influence of suboptimal avian vaccination on viral evolution by characterization of genotype and phenotype of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from immunized birds undergoing subclinical infection. The work proposed in the US will provide a comprehensive understanding of human-poultry interactions and poultry movement in the large population of semi-commercial birds that are likely to be key in any control efforts following introduction of highly-pathogenic avian influenza into this country. The studies to be conducted in Indonesia will deliver estimates of the frequency of subclinical infections with avian influenza viruses, and will provide enhanced understanding of the epizootiology of such infections that can be applied to detection, prevention and control of such infections in this country.