Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Human-Animal Interface in the US and Asia

描述（由申请人提供）：本计划的基本目标是描述人与家禽之间的相互作用，重点是禽流感病毒的人畜共患传播。重点将放在两个完全不同的生态系统中的小群、半商业化家禽养殖上：美国西部，那里很少发生禽流感；印度尼西亚中部，那里最近发生了人类和家禽的H5N1流感病毒感染。我们的目标是更好地了解可能促进人感染禽流感病毒的因素，并提高我们发现和减轻这种传播的能力。这项工作的具体目标是：(1)描述科罗拉多州及其周边西部各州延伸到墨西哥边境的半商业鸡鸭群中鸟类运输的分布和模式，并评估人类与这些鸟类互动的频率和亲密程度。在绘制这种动态地图的过程中，我们将获得禽流感病毒感染在禽类中的流行程度的基线数据，以及与禽流感病毒相互作用的人类以前感染禽流感病毒的估计数据。(2)在印度尼西亚中部地区建立人类及其相关家禽流感病毒感染的主动监测系统，并确定人-禽相互作用在流感病毒传播中的作用。我们将获得人类和家禽的感染率和血清阳性率的估计值，并估计人类和鸟类的临床和亚临床感染的频率。将对该地区一部分人的遗传风险因素进行评估。(3)通过对亚临床感染的免疫禽分离的H5N1流感病毒的基因型和表型进行表征，实验评价亚优疫苗接种对病毒进化的影响。在美国提出的这项工作将全面了解人与家禽的相互作用和大量半商业鸟类中的家禽运动，这可能是高致病性禽流感传入美国后任何控制工作的关键。将在印度尼西亚进行的研究将提供禽流感病毒亚临床感染频率的估计，并将增进对此类感染的流行病学的了解，从而可用于在该国检测、预防和控制此类感染。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The fundamental objective of this program is to characterize interactions between humans and poultry with a focus on zoonotic transmission of avian influenza viruses. Emphasis will be placed on small flock, semi-commercial poultry operations in two disparate ecosystems: the western United States, where avian influenza is rare, and central Indonesia, where H5N1 influenza virus infections of both humans and poultry have recently occurred. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of the factors which may promote human infection with avian influenza viruses and to enhance our ability to detect and mitigate such transmission. Specific aims for this work are to: (1) Characterize the distribution of and patterns of bird transport among semi-commercial flocks of chickens and ducks in Colorado and surrounding western states extending to the Mexican border, and assess how frequently and intimately humans interact with these birds. In the process of assembling such a dynamic mapping, we will obtain baseline data on the prevalence of influenza virus infection in the birds and an estimate of previous infections by avian influenza viruses in humans that interact with them. (2) Establish a system for active surveillance of influenza virus infection in humans and their associated poultry in central Indonesia, and delineate the role of human-poultry interactions in ransmission of influenza viruses. We will obtain estimates of infection rate and seroprevalence from both humans and poultry, and estimate the frequency of clinical and subclinical infection of both humans and birds. Genetic risk factors will be evaluated in a subset of humans in this locale. (3) Evaluate experimentally the influence of suboptimal avian vaccination on viral evolution by characterization of genotype and phenotype of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from immunized birds undergoing subclinical infection. The work proposed in the US will provide a comprehensive understanding of human-poultry interactions and poultry movement in the large population of semi-commercial birds that are likely to be key in any control efforts following introduction of highly-pathogenic avian influenza into this country. The studies to be conducted in Indonesia will deliver estimates of the frequency of subclinical infections with avian influenza viruses, and will provide enhanced understanding of the epizootiology of such infections that can be applied to detection, prevention and control of such infections in this country.