Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Human-Animal Interface in the US and Asia

描述（由申请方提供）：本项目的基本目标是表征人与家禽之间的相互作用，重点是禽流感病毒的人畜共患传播。重点将放在两个完全不同的生态系统中的小规模、半商业化的家禽养殖：美国西部，那里的禽流感很罕见;印度尼西亚中部，那里最近发生了人和家禽的H5 N1流感病毒感染。我们的目标是更好地了解可能促进人类感染禽流感病毒的因素，并提高我们发现和减轻这种传播的能力。这项工作的具体目标是：（1）描述分布和模式的半商业鸡和鸭群在科罗拉多和周围的西部各州延伸到墨西哥边境的鸟类运输，并评估如何频繁和密切的人与这些鸟类的互动。在组装这种动态映射的过程中，我们将获得有关禽流感病毒感染在鸟类中流行的基线数据，以及对与它们相互作用的人类先前感染禽流感病毒的估计。(2)在印度尼西亚中部建立一个积极监测人类及其相关家禽流感病毒感染的系统，并说明人-禽相互作用在流感病毒传播中的作用。我们将获得人类和家禽的感染率和血清阳性率的估计值，并估计人类和家禽的临床和亚临床感染频率。遗传风险因素将在该地区的一部分人中进行评估。(3)通过鉴定从接受亚临床感染的免疫禽类中分离的H5 N1流感病毒的基因型和表型，实验评估次优禽类疫苗接种对病毒进化的影响。在美国提出的工作将提供一个全面的了解人禽相互作用和家禽在大量的半商业鸟类，可能是关键的任何控制工作后，高致病性禽流感引入这个国家的人口运动。将在印度尼西亚进行的研究将提供禽流感病毒亚临床感染频率的估计，并将加深对此类感染的动物流行病学的了解，从而可应用于该国此类感染的检测、预防和控制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The fundamental objective of this program is to characterize interactions between humans and poultry with a focus on zoonotic transmission of avian influenza viruses. Emphasis will be placed on small flock, semi-commercial poultry operations in two disparate ecosystems: the western United States, where avian influenza is rare, and central Indonesia, where H5N1 influenza virus infections of both humans and poultry have recently occurred. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of the factors which may promote human infection with avian influenza viruses and to enhance our ability to detect and mitigate such transmission. Specific aims for this work are to: (1) Characterize the distribution of and patterns of bird transport among semi-commercial flocks of chickens and ducks in Colorado and surrounding western states extending to the Mexican border, and assess how frequently and intimately humans interact with these birds. In the process of assembling such a dynamic mapping, we will obtain baseline data on the prevalence of influenza virus infection in the birds and an estimate of previous infections by avian influenza viruses in humans that interact with them. (2) Establish a system for active surveillance of influenza virus infection in humans and their associated poultry in central Indonesia, and delineate the role of human-poultry interactions in ransmission of influenza viruses. We will obtain estimates of infection rate and seroprevalence from both humans and poultry, and estimate the frequency of clinical and subclinical infection of both humans and birds. Genetic risk factors will be evaluated in a subset of humans in this locale. (3) Evaluate experimentally the influence of suboptimal avian vaccination on viral evolution by characterization of genotype and phenotype of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from immunized birds undergoing subclinical infection. The work proposed in the US will provide a comprehensive understanding of human-poultry interactions and poultry movement in the large population of semi-commercial birds that are likely to be key in any control efforts following introduction of highly-pathogenic avian influenza into this country. The studies to be conducted in Indonesia will deliver estimates of the frequency of subclinical infections with avian influenza viruses, and will provide enhanced understanding of the epizootiology of such infections that can be applied to detection, prevention and control of such infections in this country.