Smart Miniaturized personal monitors for black carbon and multiple air pollutants

评估个人暴露在空气中颗粒物的空间和时间变化 代表关键本地来源的组件，如柴油交通，对于推进我们的 了解城市空气污染对健康的影响。目前的暴露评估方法也是 繁琐、嘈杂和劳动密集型，不能提供关键分析物的近实时测量。 我们建议开发和测试一种微型(手掌大小)、安静、可充电的个人采样器，它将 (1)记录近实时、时间和空间分辨率的黑碳(BC)浓度，(2)收集和 存档时间和空间分辨率的PM样本以供以后的实验室分析，(3)有一个额外的通道 用于相关气体或蒸气的化学光学分析，如臭氧，以及(4)测井位置和活度 数据。我们在尺寸、功率、成本和安静方面的设计目标将允许在大多数个人上广泛使用，包括 幼儿，不中断正常活动。BC将通过内部微型机测量 沉积颗粒的光学吸附分析。空间信息将由一个微型全球 室外位置的位置传感器(GPS)和室内关键位置的小型家庭/工作/车载无线信标 地点。该单位将存档多个时间和空间分辨的颗粒物样本，供实验室通过 质谱学和单粒子技术，以确定接触辐射的时空模式 粒子来源和广泛的痕量金属。可编程的微型“智能”个人 监测系统将具有灵活性，可用于广泛的抽样设计，以评估空间 以及支出的时间模式。开发里程碑将包括设计、构建和测试3 取样器的逐步更高级的版本。版本1将集成GPS传感器，但将缺少 实时BC功能。版本2将包含采样轮和OTPIC，以实现近乎实时的 BC的测量，并将包括开发一个基本单元，将作为电池充电器 和无线数据传输，允许连续监测长达一个月而无需维护。至 评估受试者的遵从性，还将在此建造和测试按钮大小的遵从性/位置传感器 舞台。在版本3中，我们将在第三个版本上测试整合臭氧检测的概念 频道，。太阳能和/或大型电池供电的基本单元也将设计用于环境中 在电网使用受限的地方，例如在发展中国家或在室外固定地点使用 缺乏电力的地点。实验室和现场实验将在开发过程中迭代进行 为了生成传感器算法，通过以下方式找到改进以及估计精度和准确度 PM与传统的实时综合采样方法的比较最终的智能空气污染 监视器将纳入最新现场测试所建议的升级。

Assessing spatial and temporal variations in individual exposures to airborne particulate matter components that are representative of key local sources like diesel traffic is critical for advancing our understanding of the health effects of urban air pollution. Current methods of exposure assessment are too cumbersome, noisy and labor-intensive, and do not provide near-real time measurements of key analytes. We propose to develop and test a miniature (palm size), quiet, rechargeable personal sampler that will (1) log in near real-time, time- and space-resolved concentrations of black carbon (BC), (2) collect and archive time- and space-resolved PM samples for later laboratory analysis, (3) have one additional channel for use in chemo-optical analysis of a relevant gas or vapor, such as ozone, and (4) log location and activity data. Our design goals for size, power, cost and quietness will permit wide use on most individuals, including young children, without disruption of normal activities. BC will be measured via an internal subminiature optical adsorption analysis of deposited particles. Spatial information will be provided by a miniature global position sensor (GPS) for outdoor locations and small home-/work-/car- placed radio beacons for key indoor locations. The unit will archive multiple time- and space-resolved particulate samples, for lab analysis via mass spectrometric and single particle techniques, to identify temporal-spatial patterns of exposure to particle sources and to a wide range of trace metals. The programmable miniature "smart" personal monitoring system will have the flexibility to be used in a wide range of sampling designs to assess spatial and temporal patterns of expsoure. Development milestones will include designing, building and testing 3 progressively more advanced versions of the sampler. Version 1 will integrate a GPS sensor, but will lack real-time BC capabilities. Version 2 will incorporate a sampling wheel and otpics to allow near real-time measurements of BC and will include development of a base unit that will operate as a battery re-charger and wireless data teleport, permitting continuous monitoring for up to a month without maintenance. To assess subject compliance, a button-size compliance/location sensor will also be built and tested at this stage. In Version 3 we will test the concept of incorporating ozone detection in near real-time on the third channel,. Solar powered and/or large-battery-powered base units will also be designed for use in settings where access to the power grid is limited, such as in developing countries or for use at fixed-site outdoor locations lacking power. Laboratory and field experiments will be carried out iteratively during development to generate sensor algorithms, find improvements as well as estimate precision and accuracy via comparison to traditional real-time and integrative sampling methods of PM. The final smart air pollution monitor will incorporate upgrades suggested by the latest field-testing.