Smart Miniaturized personal monitors for black carbon and multiple air pollutants

评估个人暴露于空气中颗粒物的空间和时间变化 代表柴油交通等关键本地来源的组件对于推进我们的 了解城市空气污染对健康的影响。目前的暴露评估方法也 繁琐、嘈杂和劳动密集，并且不能提供关键分析物的近实时测量。 我们建议开发和测试一种微型（手掌大小），安静，可充电的个人采样器， (1)记录黑碳（BC）的近实时、时间和空间分辨浓度，（2）收集和 将时间和空间分辨的PM样品存档，以便以后进行实验室分析，（3）有一个额外的通道 用于相关气体或蒸汽如臭氧的化学光学分析，以及（4）记录位置和活性 数据我们在尺寸、功率、成本和安静方面的设计目标将允许广泛用于大多数人，包括 幼儿，不影响正常活动。BC将通过内部超小型测量 沉积颗粒的光学吸附分析。空间信息将由一个微型全球 定位传感器（GPS）用于室外位置，小型家庭/工作/汽车无线电信标用于室内 地点该单位将存档多个时间和空间分辨的颗粒样品，用于实验室分析， 质谱和单粒子技术，以确定暴露的时空模式， 颗粒源和广泛的痕量金属。可编程微型“智能”个人 监测系统将具有灵活性，可用于广泛的采样设计，以评估空间 和expsoure的时间模式。开发里程碑将包括设计、建造和测试3 采样器的逐步更高级版本。版本1将集成GPS传感器，但将缺乏 实时BC功能。版本2将包括一个采样轮和otpics，以允许近实时 测量BC，并将包括开发一个基本单元，该单元将作为电池充电器运行 和无线数据传输，允许连续监测长达一个月，无需维护。到 为了评估受试者依从性，还将构建按钮大小的依从性/位置传感器，并在此处进行测试 阶段在第三版中，我们将测试在第三版中加入近实时臭氧检测的概念。 通道，太阳能和/或大型电池供电的基本单元也将被设计用于设置 在接入电网受限的情况下，例如在发展中国家或用于固定地点的室外 缺乏电力的地方。在开发过程中将反复进行实验室和现场实验 生成传感器算法，发现改进以及估计精度和准确性， 与传统的颗粒物实时和综合采样方法进行了比较。最后的智能空气污染 监测器将纳入最新现场测试建议的升级。

Assessing spatial and temporal variations in individual exposures to airborne particulate matter components that are representative of key local sources like diesel traffic is critical for advancing our understanding of the health effects of urban air pollution. Current methods of exposure assessment are too cumbersome, noisy and labor-intensive, and do not provide near-real time measurements of key analytes. We propose to develop and test a miniature (palm size), quiet, rechargeable personal sampler that will (1) log in near real-time, time- and space-resolved concentrations of black carbon (BC), (2) collect and archive time- and space-resolved PM samples for later laboratory analysis, (3) have one additional channel for use in chemo-optical analysis of a relevant gas or vapor, such as ozone, and (4) log location and activity data. Our design goals for size, power, cost and quietness will permit wide use on most individuals, including young children, without disruption of normal activities. BC will be measured via an internal subminiature optical adsorption analysis of deposited particles. Spatial information will be provided by a miniature global position sensor (GPS) for outdoor locations and small home-/work-/car- placed radio beacons for key indoor locations. The unit will archive multiple time- and space-resolved particulate samples, for lab analysis via mass spectrometric and single particle techniques, to identify temporal-spatial patterns of exposure to particle sources and to a wide range of trace metals. The programmable miniature "smart" personal monitoring system will have the flexibility to be used in a wide range of sampling designs to assess spatial and temporal patterns of expsoure. Development milestones will include designing, building and testing 3 progressively more advanced versions of the sampler. Version 1 will integrate a GPS sensor, but will lack real-time BC capabilities. Version 2 will incorporate a sampling wheel and otpics to allow near real-time measurements of BC and will include development of a base unit that will operate as a battery re-charger and wireless data teleport, permitting continuous monitoring for up to a month without maintenance. To assess subject compliance, a button-size compliance/location sensor will also be built and tested at this stage. In Version 3 we will test the concept of incorporating ozone detection in near real-time on the third channel,. Solar powered and/or large-battery-powered base units will also be designed for use in settings where access to the power grid is limited, such as in developing countries or for use at fixed-site outdoor locations lacking power. Laboratory and field experiments will be carried out iteratively during development to generate sensor algorithms, find improvements as well as estimate precision and accuracy via comparison to traditional real-time and integrative sampling methods of PM. The final smart air pollution monitor will incorporate upgrades suggested by the latest field-testing.